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EN
Measurement data obtained from Weigh-in-Motion systems support protection of road pavements from the adverse phenomenon of vehicle overloading. For this protection to be effective, WIM systems must be accurate and obtain a certificate of metrological legalization. Unfortunately there is no legal standard for accuracy assessment of Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) systems. Due to the international range of road transport, it is necessary to standardize methods and criteria applied for assessing such systems’ accuracy. In our paper we present two methods of determining accuracy of WIM systems. Both are based on the population of weighing errors determined experimentally during system testing. The first method is called a reliability characteristic and was developed by the authors. The second method is based on determining boundaries of the tolerance interval for weighing errors. Properties of both methods were assessed on the basis of simulation studies as well as experimental results obtained from a 16-sensor WIM system.
EN
Extremely important skill that the modern entrepreneur should demonstrate in face of events that are beyond his control is effectiveness in dealing with risk. Although most definitions of entrepreneurship lead to a conclusion that it involves a tendency to take risks, business practice shows that due to motivation for accomplishment company owners do not always adopt an active attitude towards risk as a phenomenon of uncertainty. This article contains a study which presents the motives behind self-employment of persons representing three sectors. The first part talks about the definition of a risk. Next parts show factors that determine person’s ability to act in risky conditions. The last part of the article presents the results of empirical research conducted in the first and second quarter of 2014 to assess whether the owners of companies in Czestochowa tend to take risks.
EN
Minimally invasive procedures for the kidney tumour removal require a 3D visualization of topological relations between kidney, cancer, the pelvicalyceal system and the renal vascular tree. In this paper, a novel methodology of the pelvicalyceal system segmentation is presented. It consists of four following steps: ROI designation, automatic threshold calculation for binarization (approximation of the histogram image data with three exponential functions), automatic extraction of the pelvicalyceal system parts and segmentation by the Locally Adaptive Region Growing algorithm. The proposed method was applied successfully on the Computed Tomography database consisting of 48 kidneys both healthy and cancer affected. The quantitative evaluation (comparison to manual segmentation) and visual assessment proved its effectiveness. The Dice Coefficient of Similarity is equal to 0.871 ± 0.060 and the average Hausdorff distance 0.46 ± 0.36 mm. Additionally, to provide a reliable assessment of the proposed method, it was compared with three other methods. The proposed method is robust regardless of the image acquisition mode, spatial resolution and range of image values. The same framework may be applied to further medical applications beyond preoperative planning for partial nephrectomy enabling to visually assess and to measure the pelvicalyceal system by medical doctors.
PL
Ważenie pojazdów w ruchu za pośrednictwem systemów Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) umożliwia pomiar nacisków osi oraz masy całkowitej pojazdu, który porusza się z prędkością do 120 km/h. W artykule omówiono możliwości wynikające z obecnego stanu wiedzy, które dotyczą wprowadzenia systemów dynamicznego ważenia pojazdów WIM do użytku administracyjnego w Polsce. Praca zawiera wymagania techniczne i metrologiczne, które muszą zostać spełnione przez systemy WIM w kontekście zatwierdzenia typu oraz legalizacji pierwotnej i ponownej.
EN
Weigh-in-Motion systems (WIM) enable to measure axle loads and the gross vehicle weight of vehicles up to 120 km/h. The paper discusses the current state of the knowledge concerning the introduction of WIM systems for direct enforcement in Poland. In particular, the paper contains the technical and metrological requirements that must be met by WIM systems in the context of type approval and initial and re-verification.
6
Content available remote Approximation of measurement results of "EMERGENCY" signal reception probability
EN
The intended aim of this article is to present approximation results of the exemplary measurements of EMERGENCY signal reception probability. The probability is understood as a distance function between the aircraft and a ground-based system under established conditions. The measurements were approximated using the properties of logistic functions. This probability, as a distance function, enables to determine the range of the EMERGENCY signal for a pre-set confidence level.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki aproksymacji przykładowych danych pomiaru prawdopodobieństwa odbioru sygnału NIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWO. Prawdopodobieństwo to rozpatruje się jako funkcję odległości pomiędzy statkiem powietrznym a systemem naziemnym w ustalonych warunkach pomiaru. Aproksymację danych pomiarowych zrealizowano, korzystając z własności funkcji logistycznej. Prawdopodobieństwo jako funkcja odległości pozwala na określenie zasięgu sygnału NIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWO dla zadanego poziomu ufności.
7
PL
Autorzy artykułu zainicjowali w 2014 roku powstanie w Polsce Zespołu do Spraw Administracyjnych Systemów Weigh-in-Motion (ZAS-WIM). Zespół ten skupia wyższe uczelnie, urzędy administracji państwowej oraz firmy komercyjne. Celem działań ZAS-WIM jest stworzenie warunków formalnych i technicznych niezbędnych do stosowania w Polsce systemów WIM w celach administracyjnych. W artykule przedstawiono wypracowane koncepcje, sformułowano problemy, które wymagają rozwiązania oraz przedstawiono aktualny stan prac prowadzonych obecnie w Polsce w tym kierunku.
EN
In 2014 the authors of this article have initiated a group, which brought together universities, polish government offices, research institutes and commercial companies, whose goal is to apply Weigh-in-Motion systems for direct mass enforcement. In the article are presented the concepts developed, formulated problems which require solution and shown the current state of works undertaken for this purpose in Poland.
8
Content available Zaufanie w praktyce zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem
EN
The issue of trust is becoming increasingly important in the context of the organization's management. The increase in its importance stems from the fact that it affects, in a special way, the quality of teamwork and leadership, which in turn has a positive impact on financial results of the organization. To make managing the trust successful, key issues should be analyzed in terms of their impact on the process of building this valuable strategic resource. This article is descriptive and contains root cause analysis. The article presents the interpretative approach to the concept of trust in organization management. In order to understand the essence of trust, a few definitions are presented. The last part of the article is devoted to consideration of various factors analyzed in terms of their importance to the trust management practices.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano zastosowanie algorytmów przetwarzania obrazów w celu wyodrębnienia struktur naczyniowych zlokalizowanych w obrębie nerki. Możliwość identyfikacji tętnic odżywiających guza nerki pozwala na jego usunięcie bez ryzyka wystąpienia urazu niedokrwiennego i przyczynia się do maksymalnego zabezpieczenia czynności nerki. Minimalizacja inwazyjności zabiegu usunięcia guza jest także korzystna dla pacjenta. Badania rozpoczęto od segmentacji struktur naczyniowych preparatów anatomicznych. Do ich wyodrębnienia zastosowano progowanie z histerezą, co pozwoliło na otrzymanie funkcji inicjalizującej dla metody zbiorów poziomicowych. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdziły skuteczność doboru metody - wizualnie ciągłość tych struktur była lepiej odtworzona względem samej binaryzacji, a granice obiektów były odpowiednio odwzorowane. Dodatkowo, analiza ilościowa polegająca na porównaniu otrzymanych wyników działania algorytmu z ręcznymi obrysami okazała się zadawalająca, co skłania do kontynuacji badań mogących stanowić o renoprotekcji.
EN
In the article we have proposed an application of several image processing algorithms to extract renal vessels. Earlier identification of the tumor feeding arteries facilitates conducting a zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy and preservation of renal function. This minimally invasive procedure is also beneficial for a patient. The study began with vascular structures segmentation of anatomical preparations. To do this hysteresis thresholding was applied to three dimensional computer tomography images. It allowed to obtain an initialization function for subsequently applied segmentation method – i.e. the level set method. The results confirmed the effectiveness of described methods - visually, in comparison to initial binarization, the acquired structures continuity had been found better and the objects boundaries were properly mapped. In addition, quantitative analysis involving the comparison of segmentation results with manual ones had been found satisfactory, that encourages to continue further research.
10
PL
Skuteczność detekcji nieprawidłowości w głosie ludzkim wykorzystująca cyfrowe przetwarzanie sygnałów akustycznych w ostatnich latach wzrosła, lecz nadal nie ma uniwersalnego rozwiązania, które dostarczyłoby pewnej informacji na temat stanu badanego narządu głosu. Dotychczas nie istnieją żadne standardy rejestracji głosu uwzględniające określony czas fonacji mowy. W badaniach sprawdzono w jakim stopniu czas trwania fonacji wypowiedzianej samogłoski /a/ ma wpływ na ilość informacji zawartej w sygnale głosu z wykorzystaniem 28 parametrów opisujących sygnał akustyczny.
EN
The detection accuracy of irregularities in the human voice based on the digital processing of acoustic signals increased in recent years, but there is no universal solution that would provide a certain on the state of the examined voice organ. So far, there are no standards for voice registration including specified time of the phonation. In this study we examined the duration of the spoken vowel /a/ affects the amount of information contained in the voice signal using 28 parameters describing acoustic signal.
11
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowy model estymacji indywidualnej prędkości pojazdów przejeżdżających przez stanowisko pomiarowe wyposażone w pojedynczą pętlę indukcyjną. Proponowany model posiada wiele (nawet 9) wejść, a nie jak dotychczas jedno czy dwa. Zastosowanie zaproponowanego modelu pozwoliło zmniejszyć błąd estymacji prędkości pojazdów.
EN
The paper presents a new model for estimating individual vehicle speed passing through the test stand equipped with a single inductive loop detector. The proposed model is a multi-input model (up to 9 inputs), and no longer one or two. The use of such a model has reduced vehicle speed estimation error.
EN
Automatic detection of voice pathologies enables non-invasive, low cost and objective assessments of the presence of disorders, as well as accelerating and improving the process of diagnosis and clinical treatment given to patients. In this work, a vector made up of 28 acoustic parameters is evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), kernel principal component analysis (kPCA) and an auto-associative neural network (NLPCA) in four kinds of pathology detection (hyperfunctional dysphonia, functional dysphonia, laryngitis, vocal cord paralysis) using the a, i and u vowels, spoken at a high, low and normal pitch. The results indicate that the kPCA and NLPCA methods can be considered a step towards pathology detection of the vocal folds. The results show that such an approach provides acceptable results for this purpose, with the best efficiency levels of around 100%. The study brings the most commonly used approaches to speech signal processing together and leads to a comparison of the machine learning methods determining the health status of the patient.
EN
The work proposes a new method for vehicle classification, which allows treating vehicles uniformly at the stage of defining the vehicle classes, as well as during the classification itself and the assessment of its correctness. The sole source of information about a vehicle is its magnetic signature normalised with respect to the amplitude and duration. The proposed method allows defining a large number (even several thousand) of classes comprising vehicles whose magnetic signatures are similar according to the assumed criterion with precisely determined degree of similarity. The decision about the degree of similarity and, consequently, about the number of classes, is taken by a user depending on the classification purpose. An additional advantage of the proposed solution is the automated defining of vehicle classes for the given degree of similarity between signatures determined by a user. Thus the human factor, which plays a significant role in currently used methods, has been removed from the classification process at the stage of defining vehicle classes. The efficiency of the proposed approach to the vehicle classification problem was demonstrated on the basis of a large set of experimental data.
EN
In general, currently employed vehicle classification algorithms based on the magnetic signature can distinguish among only a few vehicle classes. The work presents a new approach to this problem. A set of characteristic parameters measurable from the magnetic signature and limits of their uncertainty intervals are determined independently for each predefined class. The source of information on the vehicle parameters is its magnetic signature measured in a system that enables independent measurement of two signals, i.e. changes in the active and reactive component of the inductive loop impedance caused by a passing vehicle. These innovations result in high selective classification system, which utilizes over a dozen vehicle classes. The evaluation of the proposed approach was carried out for good vehicles consisting of 2-axle tractor and a 3-axle semi-trailer.
EN
The paper provides analysis of the influence of temperature on the error of weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems utilizing piezoelectric polymer load sensors. Results of tests of these sensors in a climatic chamber, as well as results of long-term tests at the WIM site, are presented. Different methods for correction of the influence of changes in temperature were assessed for their effectiveness and compared.
16
Content available Laser Technology and Applications 2012
EN
The research and technical achievements in the area of lasers are summarized every three years by the National Symposium on Laser Technology held in the Baltic See Resort Świnoujście near Szczecin, Poland. The paper presents a review of the main symposium subjects tracks debated during this key national lase event in September 2012. There are shown developement tendencies of laser materials and technologies and laser asociated branches of optoelectronics in this country, including the efforts of academia, governmental institutes, research businesses and industry. The symposium work are divided to two branches: development of lasers and laser applications, where the laser systems operators and laser users present their achievements. Topical tracks of the meeting are presented, as well as the keynote and invited subjects delivered by key representatives of the laser industry. The STL 2012 was a jubilee meeting held for the Xth time.
PL
Wyniki badań i osiągnięcia techniczne w zakresie laserów są podsumowywane co trzy lata w czasie Krajowego Sympozjum Techniki Laserowej STL, organizowanego od prawie trzydziestu lat w Świnoujściu we wrześniu przez WAT, PW i ZUT. Artykuł przedstawia przegląd prac prezentowanych i dyskutowanych na STL. Pokazano tendencje rozwojowe materiałów laserowych i technologii oraz dziedzin związanych z techniką laserową i optoelektroniką w kraju, włączając w to wysiłki środowiska akademickiego, instytutów PAN i resortowych, oraz przemysłowych ośrodków badawczych. Obok rozwoju laserów, druga część STL jest poświęcona zastosowaniom laserów, gdzie operatorzy systemów laserowych przedstawiają własne osiągnięcia aplikacyjne. Przedstawiono zakresy tematyczne sesji STL oraz plenarne referaty zaproszone wygłoszone przez kluczowych reprezentantów przemysłu laserowego.
EN
The research and technical achievements in the area of lasers are summarized every three years by the National Symposium on Laser Technology held in the Baltic See Resort Świnoujście near Szczecin, Poland. The paper presents a preview of the symposium works to be shown and debated during this key event in September 2012. There are shown development tendencies of laser materials and technologies and laser associated branches of optoelectronics in this country, including the efforts of academia, governmental institutes, research businesses and industry. The second branch of the symposium works are laser applications, where the laser systems operators and laser users present their achievements. Topical tracks of the meeting are presented, as well as the keynote and invited subjects delivered by key representatives of the laser industry.
PL
Prezentowana praca została zrealizowana w Laboratorium Technologii Teleinformatycznych i Fotoniki (LTTiF) na Wydziale Elektrycznym w Zachodniopomorskim Uniwersytecie Technologicznym. Projekt transportowej sieci odniesienia pracującej w paśmie telekomunikacyjnym C (1530... 1565 nm) został wykonany w oparciu o modelowanie numeryczne wykorzystujące układ nieliniowych równań Schroedingera rozwiązywanych techniką FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain). Projekt zrealizowano w latach 2009-2010 w oparciu o osprzęt Alcatel Lucent umożliwiający programowe przestrajanie kanałów transpondera na dowolną długość fali z pasma ITU- T C. W zrealizowanym projekcie użyto 8 przestrajalnych transponderów o przepływności 10Gbit/s. Każdy z transponderów jest dostrajany niezależnie. Do realizacji transmisji użyto światłowód SM 28e+ firmy Corning zgodny ze standardem ITU-T G.652D. Zrealizowano transmisję na odcinku 140 km z wykorzystaniem wzmacniaczy optycznych EDFA, światłowodowych modułów kompensujących dyspersję chromatyczną oraz dwóch przestrajalnych optycznych multiplekserów TOADM (Tunable Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexer). System może w chwili obecnej pracować dla długości linii do 340 km. W pracy prezentowane są wybrane wyniki modelowania numerycznego oraz wyniki pochodzące z punktów pomiarowych zestawionego układu. Stworzony system ma charakter badawczy i posiada połączenie z innymi stanowiskami badawczymi w LTTiF (np.: stanowisko do badań parametrów światłowodów mikrostrukturalnych) z możliwością podłączenia badanych elementów w dowolnych punktach pomiarowych systemu. Zbudowany system posiada możliwość rozbudowy i realizacji do 88 kanałów w pasmach C i L z możliwością uzyskania przepływności do 3,2 Tbit/s.
EN
The presented work was realized in Laboratory of Teleinformatic Technologies and Photonics (LTTIF), The Electric Department at West Pomeranian Univeristy of Technology Szczecin. The project of transport reference network working in the telecommunication band: C (1530-1565nm) became executed in the support about modelling numeric using the arrangement non-linear Schroedinger equation solved by FDTD technique (Finite Difference Time Domain). The project was realized in years 2009-2010 in the support Alcatel Lucent device platform enabling program retunes the transponders channels on the any wavelenght from the band ITU-T C. 8 tunable transponders was used in the realized project with 10 Gbit/s bit rate. Every from each is tuned up independently. Optical Corning fibre SM 28 e+ was used to the realization of the broadcast (the standard ITU-T G.652D). The broadcast was realized on the section 140 kilometers with EDFA optical amplifiers, optical modules for chromatic dispersion compensation and two tunable optical multiplexers TOADM (Tunable Optical Add/The bustard Multiplexer). The system can work the present moment for the length of the fiber line to 340 kilometers. In the work the chosen results of modelling are presented numeric results coming from the measuring points of the taken down arrangement. The created system has the investigative character and the connection possesses with different measurements points and setups in LTTIF with the possibility of connecting of studied elements in the any measuring points of the system. The built system possesses possibility of extension and realization to 88 channels in C and L bands with possibility of obtainment 3.2 Tbit/s bit rate.
EN
Systems of road traffic parameters measurement play a key role in the process of road traffic control, its supervision as well as in gathering and processing information for statistical purposes. Expectations of users of such systems mainly concern automation and provision of measurement continuity, possibility of selection of the measured road traffic parameters and high accuracy along with reliability of obtained results. In order to meet the requirements set for such systems, at the Department of Instrumentation and Measurement of the AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow a new prototype system of road traffic parameters measurement - Traffic-1 - has been constructed. The innovativeness of the solution is manifested in the structure of the system that can be modified by the user adequately to current measurement needs and in the used algorithms of signals processing. The work contains a brief description of the constructed system with particular focus on the used innovations that are the result of many years of research work of the designers.
PL
Systemy pomiaru parametrów ruchu drogowego (pprd) odgrywają kluczową rolę w procesie optymalnego sterowania ruchem drogowym, nadzorowania tego ruchu oraz zbierania i przetwarzania informacji do celów statystycznych. W artykule opisano system pprd Traffic-1. Innowacyjność rozwiązania przejawia się w strukturze systemu, która może być modyfikowana przez użytkownika odpowiednio do aktualnych potrzeb pomiarowych oraz w zastosowanych algorytmach przetwarzania sygnałów.
EN
Systems of road traffic parameters measurement play a key role in the process of road traffic control, its supervision as well as gathering and processing information for statistical purposes. The work contains a brief description of constructed system of road traffic parameters measurement Traffic-1. Innovativeness of the solution is manifested in the structure of the system that can be modified by the user adequately to current measurement needs and in the used algorithms of signals processing.
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