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What can we learn from archive records of snow avalanches in the Tatra Mountains?

Kaczka R. J., Spyt B., Janecka K., Lempa M., Rączkowska Z.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2016

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Vol. 50

33—51

EN

The aim of studies was to summarize all available published records of snow avalanche events in the Tatra Mountains in a form of a geodatabase and assess the usefulness of compiled information for analyses of long-term changes in snow avalanches characteristics. The systematic study of various sources from Poland and Slovakia resulted in geodatabase including about 3406 avalanche events, of which 2033 were registered in the Polish and 1373 in the Slovakian parts of the Tatra Mountains. The geodatabase comprises information about location, type and size of the avalanche, time of the event, source of the information as well as information about rescue missions, number of injured and fatalities. The snow avalanches causing the accidents are well documented. The rest of the avalanches were registered only as a result of the researches lasting from one up to maximum 11 winters or sporadic observations. In the Polish part of the High Tatra Mountains most of the avalanches were reported (681 events) in the Białka Valley, especially the Mięguszowieckie Szczyty ridge. In the Slovakian part of the Tatra Mountains most of the records came from the Žiarska Valley (222 events), especially the Tri kopy ridge. Although the records are unsystematic, the collected information can be used, if processed with caution, to analyse the certain aspects of the avalanche activities. The geodatabase was designed and developed in the way that allows future improvements by adding new records, either recent or historical ones.

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The spatio-temporal dynamics of the Ciprnik complex landslide, Tamar Valley, Julian Alps, Slovenia

Šmuc A., Janecka K., Lempa M., Kaczka R. J.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2015

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Vol. 49

35-54

EN

Mass movements represent important processes that shape relief in Alpine areas. In this article, we present the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Ciprnik landslide (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) and interpret its triggering and evolution. In the study area, mass movement activity is characterised by two phases: normal deposition on the fluvial fans that dominated up to 2000, and a more active phase related to the triggering of the Ciprnik complex landslide and formation of an additional debris-flow fan. The Ciprnik landslide started as a translational movement over the discontinuity plane that was mobilised into a debris-flow. The triggering and slope failure resulted from a combination of tectonics (i.e. dip-slope position of the strata, and strong fracturing), lithology (alternation of thin beds of carbonates and fine-grained clastics), and accumulation of precipitation. The debris-flow fan remains active and interfingers with adjacent active fluvial fans

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Morphological and morphometrical analyses reveal the avalanche influence over the talus cones in the Rybi Potok Valley, Tatra Mountains

Lempa M., Kaczka R. J., Rączkowska Z.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2015

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Vol. 49

15--33

EN

Intense physical weathering engenders formation of scree cones at the foot of slopes dissected by couloirs. Combination of several geomorphic processes operating within the slope results in formation of cones of a polygenetic character (talus-alluvial cones, rockfall talus cones, or – in particular cases, talus-alluvial-avalanche cones). This study was aimed at determination of morphometric parameters characteristic for particular morphogenetic types of the cones in the Rybi Potok Valley in the High Tatra Mountains. For the purpose of the research, knowledge about the terrain and available cartographic materials (geological, geomorphological and topographical maps, LiDAR data) were employed. In the studied valley, 24 cones were selected and for each of them, morphogenetic types and morphometric parameters (surface, minimal and maximal height, roughness coefficient, Topographic Position Index) were determined. The correlations between different parameters enabled establishment and determination of the combination of morphometric parameters typical for the particular types of the cones. The impact of snow avalanches on one of the cones (at the mouth of Żleb Żandarmerii) was identified. This cone has morphometric parameters dissimilar to those of the other cones in the studied valley. It is the only cone in the valley which was classified as the avalanche cone.

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Zastosowanie metod dendrochronologicznych w badaniach lawin śnieżnych

Kaczka R. J., Janecka K, Lempa M., Rączkowska Z.

Landform Analysis

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2015

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Vol. 28

15--27

PL

Lawiny śnieżne pomimo swojej siły pozostawiają niejednorodny zapis w środowisku. Z tego powodu rekonstrukcja momentu wystąpienia i wielkości lawiny jest zadaniem trudnym. Jednym z pośrednich dowodów ich aktywności są miejsca, gdzie lawiny docierają do lasu pozostawiając swój ślad w skali makro (obniżanie górnej granicy lasu) i mikro (uszkodzenia pojedynczych drzew). Odpowiednio zaadaptowane metody dendrochronologiczne pozwalają datować zdarzenia lawinowe. W wyniku połączenia analiz dendrochronologicznych z innymi metodami badawczymi uzyskujemy wielowymiarowy obraz aktywności lawin w przeszłości. Zastosowanie podstawowych technik dendrochronologicznych do datowania zdarzeń lawinowych zostało omówione na przykładzie wyników badań w Białym Żlebie w Tatrach Wysokich. Opracowana dla tego miejsca rekonstrukcja aktywności lawin obejmuje ponad 100 lat i wskazuje na pięć dużych zdarzeń lawinowych w okresie od 1912 do 2009 roku. Włączenie do analiz technik GIS umożliwiło rozszerzenie rekonstrukcji o elementy przestrzenne, informujące o zasięgu przeszłych zdarzeń.

EN

Despite their strength, snow avalanches leave a very diverse record in the environment. For this reason, the reconstruction of the occurrence, time and magnitude of avalanches is a really demanding task. It can only be performed in places where avalanches reach forests, leaving their marks in the macroscale (lowering the upper timberline) and microscale (damaging individual trees). Appropriately adapted dendrochronological methods allow dating the avalanche events. Combining the dendrochronological analyses with other techniques enables to obtain a multi-dimensional image of avalanche events. The application of the basic dendrogeomorphological techniques is discussed on the example of the results of the research from the Biały Żleb chute located in the High Tatras. The obtained reconstruction of avalanche activity covers more than 100 years and points to five major avalanche events in the period from 1912 to 2009. The employment of GIS techniques allowed to extend the reconstruction by a spatial element indicating the range of the past events.

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Floods at the northern foothills of the Tatra Mountains — A Polish-Swiss research project

Kundzewicz Z.W, Pińskwar I., Choryński A., Stoffel M, Ruiz-Villanueva V, Ballesteros-Canovas J.A, Kaczka R.J, Niedźwiedź T, Łupikasza E, Czajka B., Małarzewski Ł., Janecka K, Wyżga B, Mikuś P.

Acta Geophysica

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2014

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Vol. 62, no. 3

620--641

EN

The present paper introduces the topical area of the Polish–Swiss research project FLORIST (Flood risk on the northern foothills of the Tatra Mountains), informs on its objectives, and reports on initial results. The Tatra Mountains are the area of the highest precipitation in Poland and largely contribute to flood generation. The project is focused around four competence clusters: observation-based climatology, model-based climate change projections and impact assessment, dendrogeomorphology, and impact of large wood debris on fluvial processes. The knowledge generated in the FLORIST project is likely to have impact on understanding and interpretation of flood risk on the northern foothills of the Tatra Mountains, in the past, present, and future. It can help solving important practical problems related to flood risk reduction strategies and flood preparedness.