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Agent-based system for continuous control and its application to activated sludge process

Pośpiech Jakub, Nocoń Witold, Stebel Krzysztof

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 4

art. no. e150114

EN

This paper presents a concept of architecture and ontology layouts for the development of multiagent model-based predictive control systems. The presented architecture provides guidelines to simplify the development of agent-based systems and improve their maintainability. The proposed multiagent system (MAS) layout is split into multiple subsystems that include agents dedicated to performing assigned tasks. MAS implementation was prepared which can use provided algorithms and actuators and can react to changes in its environment to reach the best available control quality. An example of MAS based on the proposed architecture is shown in the application of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration control in a laboratory-activated sludge setup with a biological reactor. For that application, MAS incorporates agent-based controllers from the boundary-based predictive controllers (BBPC) family. Presented experiments prove the flexibility, resilience, and online reconfiguration ability of the proposed multiagent system.

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Metoda oceny jakości modelu oparta na maszynie wektorów nośnych

Glodek Łukasz, Bysko Szymon, Nocoń Witold

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2021

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R. 25, nr 1

35--39

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena jakości modelu oparta na Maszynie Wektorów Nośnych SVM pod kątem jej przydatności w wirtualnym uruchomieniu - do zastosowania na potrzeby wirtualnego bliźniaka. Przedstawione wyniki badań są ściśle skorelowane z Przemysłem 4.0, którego główną ideą jest integracja inteligentnych maszyn, systemów i informatyki. Jednym z celów jest wprowadzenie możliwości elastycznej zmiany asortymentu oraz zmian w systemach produkcyjnych. Wirtualne uruchomienie może zostać użyte do stworzenia modelu symulacyjnego obiektu, na potrzeby szkolenia operatorów. Jednym z działów wirtualnego rozruchu jest cyfrowy bliźniak. Jest to wirtualna reprezentacja instalacji lub urządzenia, czy też maszyny. Dzięki zastosowaniu wirtualnego bliźniaka, możliwe jest odwzorowanie różnych procesów w celu obniżenia kosztów procesu i przyspieszenia procesu testowania. W pracy zaproponowano współczynnik oceny jakości modelu oparty na SVM. Współczynnik ten bierze pod uwagę wiedzę ekspercką oraz metody używane do oceny jakości modelu - Znormalizowany Błąd Średniokwadratowy NRMSE (ang. Normalized Root Mean Square Error) oraz Znormalizowany Maksymalny Błąd ME (ang. Maximum Error). Wspomniane metody są powszechnie stosowane do oceny jakości modelu, jednak dotychczas nie były używane równocześnie. W każdej z metod uwzględniany jest inny aspekt dotyczący modelu. Zaproponowany współczynnik umożliwia podjęcie decyzji, czy dany model może zostać użyty do stworzenia wirtualnego bliźniaka. Takie podejście pozwala na testowanie modeli w sposób automatyczny lub półautomatyczny.

EN

This paper proposes a model quality assessment method based on Support Vector Machine, which can be used to develop a digital twin. This work is strongly connected with Industry 4.0, in which the main idea is to integrate machines, devices, systems, and IT. One of the goals of Industry 4.0 is to introduce flexible assortment changes. Virtual commissioning can be used to create a simulation model of a plant or conduct training for maintenance engineers. One branch of virtual commissioning is a digital twin. The digital twin is a virtual representation of a plant or a device. Thanks to the digital twin, different scenarios can be analyzed to make the testing process less complicated and less time-consuming. The goal of this work is to propose a coefficient that will take into account expert knowledge and methods used for model quality assessment (such as Normalized Root Mean Square Error - NRMSE, Maximum Error - ME). NRMSE and ME methods are commonly used for this purpose, but they have not been used simultaneously so far. Each of them takes into consideration another aspect of a model. The coefficient allows deciding whether the model can be used for digital twin appliances. Such an attitude introduces the ability to test models automatically or in a semi-automatic way.

3

Automatic batch sedimentation test based on histogram back-projection image analysis

Nocoń Witold, Pośpiech Jakub, Kopciński Jacek

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 1

art. no. e136187

EN

A new method for measurement of sludge blanket height (SBH) based on image analysis is presented. The proposed method uses a histogram back-projection algorithm to distinguish between the settling sludge and supernatant and can be used with sludge possessing different coloring characteristics both in the sludge color and the color of supernatant produced. Individual pixels in the acquired image are compared with a histogram of a representative sludge region. Therefore, the proposed method relies neither on the assumed shape of light intensity profile nor on the dominant sludge or supernatant color. Batch sedimentation tests are presented for different initial sludge concentrations and different background colors to simulate different sludge characteristics. Parameters of a settling velocity function are estimated based on the obtained results. Additionally, an algorithm is proposed that enables the zone settling velocity (ZSV) to be estimated before the batch sedimentation test is completed.

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A study on aerobic lipid substrate elimination by microbial consortium

Nocoń Witold, Węgrzyn Anna, Metzger Mieczysław

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 3

92--98

EN

The purpose of this study was to validate the applicability of specialized microbial consortium for the degradation of lipids in wastewater. An experimental model of the process is proposed that enables prediction of the required batch length. This model can be used for supervision of the process and to control cycles of the batch reactor. The study involved 4 reactors with microbial consortium obtained by inoculation from a commercially available biopreparate. Each reactor was fed a different load of lipid containing substrate. The biodiversity, settling characteristics and COD reductions were measured. The biodiversity of the microbial consortium changed within a range of ±15% depending on lipids concentration, as shown by the Shannon index and increasing amount of β-proteobacteria. Higher concentrations of lipids increased the biodiversity suggesting higher growth of microorganisms capable of utilizing lipids as energy and carbon source by producing lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. High lipid concentrations degrade the settling capabilities of the biomass. Higher lipid concentrations (0.5–2.0 [g/l]) increase the final COD (1445–2160 [mg O2/l]). The time necessary for substrate degradation changes with the initial concentration and can be predicted using the proposed model. The study showed that specialized microbial consortium is capable of reducing the lipids containing substrate and maintains its biodiversity suggesting that utilization of such consortia in multiple cycles of a batch reactor is possible. Future research should concentrate on assessing the biodiversity and effectiveness of substrate reduction after an increased number of batch reactor cycles.