Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Siły rezerwowe Niemiec

Czekaj G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2011

|

nr 1(82)

187-196

EN

Germany is one of the last NATO countries that still maintain compulsory military service. Men over 18 of German citizenship are subject to conscription. The time of conscription is 9 months. Due to the Bundeswehr’s General Inspector’s order of January 2007, the Reserve Forces’ manpower number 95 thousand, i.e.: Land Forces - 35 thousand; Air Forces - 15.3 thousand; Navy - 4,3 thousand; Medical support units - 13.9 thousand; Support and maintenance units - 25.7 thousand; Federal Ministry of Defence - 800. This number includes 20 thousand officers, 63 thousand NCOs and 12 thousand of other soldiers. Personnel reserve resources of the German Armed Forces are divided into three categories: Reinforcement Reserve (46 thousand) comprises reserve soldiers who hold mobilization assignments on concrete posts. Personnel Reserve (49 thousand) includes mainly specialists - volunteers who hold active duty as a part time job and have temporary assignments to military units. General Reserve comprising remaining reserve soldiers who may be called up in case of mobilization (aged under 60). There has been a heated discussion in Germany recently concerning abolishing compulsory military service. Several environments, basing on NATO countries’ significant majority, suggest introducing professional military service arguing that the character of modern threats favours this kind of the army. Referring in this context to the Reserve Forces’ functioning, it must be stated that in fact the process of creating voluntary reserve forces started in 2003 when the principles of voluntary reserve forces defined in the “Concept of Bundeswehr’s Reserve Forces” were implemented. Taking into consideration the achievements in this area, it seems that this direction of transformation is to attain a total success.

2

Narodowe Siły Rezerwowe : geneza powołania

Czekaj G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2011

|

nr 1(82)

228-236

EN

Establishing the National Reserve Forces (NRF) directly resulted from the decision of the Polish Armed Forces’ professionalization. However, it should be honestly stated that it did not reserve an exclusive credit and consequence of the idea of NRF setting up. In fact, it was the response to the suggested since the 90s proposals showing that the introduction of reserve soldiers’ voluntary military service was not only the adaptation to NATO standards in this respect but, most of all, a consequence of several social and economic processes taking place in Poland after 1989. Poland’s accession to NATO structures caused the necessity to adjust numerous areas of the Polish Armed Forces’ functioning to standards biding in NATO. Poland was also obliged to participate in the work of most committees, institutions and other organizations officially accredited at NATO. In the area of personnel reserves’ problems, this kind of organization affiliated to NATO Military Committee is National Reserve Forces Committee (NRFC) NATO. Experiences gained from NRFC work and other international contacts regarding voluntary reserve service caused that these problems were discussed and under consideration both at the Ministry of National Defence and other environments interested in issues connected with the defence of the state. A breakthrough in the professionalization process and establishing the National Reserve Forces was Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s declaration during his expose in November 2007 when referring to the defence he stated that “a complete professionalization of the Polish Armed Forces is necessary though the reduction of people called up to the conscription service in 2008, thus at the beginning of 2010 the service in the Polish Armed Forces will be performed exclusively by volunteers.” It must be stressed that the main directions in forming the NRF were defined in the “Professionalization Programme of the Polish Armed Forces for 2008 – 2010” which was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 5th August 2008. According to the Programme the reserve forces were due to take place on voluntary formula basing on crisis assignments as a result of contracts signed. The Polish Armed Forces’ manpower was established on 120 thousand (NRF including). Later it was decided that the NRF would number 20 thousand reserve soldiers.

3

Siły rezerwowe Wielkiej Brytanii

Czekaj G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2010

|

nr 2(79)

303-314

EN

Due to the fact that Great Britain has a well developed system of support for reserve soldiers and employers hiring them, solutions applied in this country are worth analysing, particularly in the context of creating National Reserve Forces in Poland. Reserve Forces are perceived as an integral part of the Armed Forces, therefore by law they deserve such a level of support that reserve soldiers were able to reach an equal level of training to professional soldiers. The defence strategy binding in Great Britain assumes that the Reserve Forces’ and regular force's prime task is to participate in crisis response operations, including overseas ones. Great Britain’s Reserve Forces consist of two main components: Regular Reserve (former career soldiers) and Voluntary Reserve. Reserve soldiers service can be performed in military units of the armedforces services: 1) Land Forces’ Reserve - Territorial Army (TA); 2) Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RauxAF); 3) Royal Naval Reserve (RNR); 4) Royal Marines Reserve-formally included in the Navy. It must be stressed that Great Britain’s Reserve Forces are perceived as a key component to fulfill the Armed Forces’ statutory tasks. Therefore, the Ministry of Defence, being aware of the fact that the current reserve force system requires constant improvement, planned “Strategic Review of Reserve Forces” in April 2008 aiming at defining recommendations in order to enable Reserve Forces to participate in the whole range of Armed Forces’ operations that would imply the directions of Reserve Forces’ development in the years to come.

4

Siły Rezerwowe Kanady

Czekaj G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2009

|

nr 1(74)

206-217

EN

Canada, as most NATO countries, has recently been conducting a deep armed forces’ transformation. In a broad range, it concerns also Canadian Reserve Force. The reserve component is aimed at meeting NATO expectations defined in Military Committee’s normative documents concerning reserves, i.e. MC 441/1 NATO Framework Policy on Reserves and MC 317/1 Annex H Reserve Forces. They state that reserve forces should at their utmost strengthen NATO operational capabilities, in particular in the participation in a wide range of crisis management operations. Therefore, a new division of reservists was carried out which enables distinguishing human resources capable of participating in operations overseas. At the same time, the reservists’ training system was adopted to the new spectrum of tasks, that allows preparing these soldiers to the career soldiers’ level of training. At the same time, the reserve soldiers’ social package has been made attractive, and employers’ support for the idea of their employees’ voluntary service in Reserve Force was achieved. This allowed creating a modern reserve service system, fully meeting the Ministry of Defence expectations. The Reserve Force has become an equal component in relation to regular forces, which is manifested in Canada’s Armed Forces’ slogan „One Army – two components”. The most forceful example of the Reserve Force’s transformation is the fact that reserve soldiers have made up 10% of military contingents’ strength recently taking part in operations overseas.

5

Zdobienie szkła - estetycznie i tanio

Czekaj G.

Świat Szkła

|

2004

|

nr 2 [72]

43-43

PL

Piaskowanie to jedna z wielu technik zdobienia szkła, powszechnie znana, a jednak dzięki powstającym wciąż nowym technologiom zdolna zaskoczyć końcowym efektem niejednego entuzjastę szklanych wytworów użytkowych.