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Chlorine decay and formation of THM in Malaysia's water distribution system

Rashid Aina Izzati Muhammad, Rohani Rosiah, Jaafar Othman, Muhammad Nur Shazwani

Environment Protection Engineering

2021

Vol. 47, nr 4

19--41

Chlorine is a popular disinfectant used in Malaysia in the treatment process of drinking water supply because of its effectiveness. The concentration of chlorine deteriorates upon travelling in the system due to its reaction with organic matter to produce carcinogenic substances known as disinfection by-products (DBP) such as trihalomethanes (THM). This study was conducted to investigate chlorine decay and THM formation in a state's drinking water distribution system in Malaysia specifically across a 24.9 km distance. EPANET 2.0 Software program was used to perform hydraulics and water quality analysis using the extended period simulation (EPS) for 24 hours demand pattern. A simulation of the water distribution system was performed to identify the formation of THM and its relationship between chlorine and total organic carbon (TOC). The value of THM was maintained at a lower level at the water treatment plant (WTP) than at the endpoint of the distribution system. At the endpoint, which was at the targeted industrial area, the level of THM was found to increase and the obtained data showed that its formation occurred along the investigated distribution system. THM formation manifested as the natural organic matter (NOM) presence along the pipe continuously reacted with chlorine which was dosed in the distribution system.

Development of Malaysian Wastewater Polishing Index: Case Study on a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

Kawan Jamal Ali, Suja Fatihah, Hasan Hassimi Abu, Jaafar Othman, Rahman Rakmi Abd

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2020

Vol. 21, nr 5

1--8

Currently, extra treatment of secondary effluent to remove nitrogen and phosphorous may be required for its unrestricted reuse. This can be achieved by installing the wastewater polishing systems (or tertiary treatment). The wastewater polishing solutions are environmentally friendly, cheap and effective. The experiments were conducted on a pilot scale using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) with a capacity of 500 L to polish the municipal effluent from organic pollutant, undesirable nutrients and bacteria without the use of disinfectants. The major purpose was to define and apply a model for evaluating polishing of secondary effluent and implement the optimal technology for unrestricted use. Wastewater Polishing Index (WWPI) is a new tool that has been employed for rapidly evaluating of water quality improvement. It can be implemented into any surface water effluent treatment system or for reuse. WWPI can be an important tool designed for decision makers. The total average weight of six parameters (COD, BOD5, SS, Ammonia nitrogen, Total Phosphorus and Escherichia coli) are defined as the index, each one converted to sub-index which is scaled from zero to one hundred. If none of six parameters exist in the effluent WWPI, it is equal to zero, while if the parameters match the Malaysian’s effluent Standard B, It amounts to one hundred. In turn, WWPI is ninety when all six of them are equal to their corresponding Malaysian National Water Quality Standard (IV) for re-use. The index of wastewater polishing was validated and approved for the pilot MBBR study.