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Using the FRAM to Understand Arctic Ship Navigation: Assessing Work Processes During the Exxon Valdez Grounding

Smith D., Veitch B., Khan F., Taylor R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2018

Vol. 12, no. 3

447--457

Arctic shipping involves a complex combination of inter-related factors that need to be managed correctly for operations to succeed. In this paper, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to assess the combination of human, technical, and organizational factors that constitute a shipping operation. A methodology is presented on how to apply the FRAM to a domain, with a focus on ship navigation. The method draws on ship navigators to inform the building of the model and to learn about practical variations that must be managed to effectively navigate a ship. The Exxon Valdez case is used to illustrate the model’s utility and provide some context to the information gathered by this investigation. The functional signature of the work processes of the Exxon Valdez on the night of the grounding is presented. This shows the functional dynamics of that particular ship navigation case, and serves to illustrate how the FRAM approach can provide another perspective on the safety of complex operations.

The determination of contamination of the human body with corrosion products of metallic and silicone surgical implants

Lugowski S., Smith D., Bzdęga J.

Chemia Analityczna

1998

Vol. 43, No. 6

1011-1019

An aging population and recent developments in materials science are responsible for the increasing use of surgical implants for medical, dental and cosmetic applications. Their use, however, is not free from potential health hazards. In this paper the expedience of trace and ultra-trace concentrations of aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel and silicon in body fluids and tissues in connection with implants-related studies are be presented. The connective tissue samples were achieved by cryogenic milling. Total sample preparation of human material is done in laboratory under Class 100 condition. Determination of metals and silicon was conducted by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Starzenie się ludności i osiągnięcia inżynieri materiałowej spowodowały wzrost stosowania implantów w medycynie, stomatologü i w operacjach kosmetycznych. Zastosowanie nowych materiałów stanowi potencjalne zagrożenie dla zdrowia. W pracy przedstawiono oznaczanie śladowych i ultraśladowych zawartości glinu, tytanu, wanadu, chromu, kabaltu, molibdenu, niklu i krzemu uwolnionych z implantów do płynów ustrojowych i tkanek. Próbki tkanki łącznej mielono w młynie kriogenicznym. Wszystkie próbki były badane w laboratorium klasy 100. Metale i krzem oznaczono metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrü atomowej z zastosowaniem kuwety grafitowej.