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Impact of sand extraction from the bottom of the southern Baltic Sea on the relief and sediments of the seabed

Uścinowicz S., Jegliński W., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Nowak J., Pączek U., Przezdziecki P., Szefler K., Poręba G.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (4)

857--880

EN

Investigations of the geological structure and seabed dynamics as well as the morphological and sedimentological effects of sand extraction generated by different mining techniques were carried out in Polish waters of the Baltic Sea, NW of the Gulf of Gdańsk, at a water depth of 15-17 m. Three research cruises took place: just before, directly after and 11 months after dredging operations. Seismoacoustic profiling, a multibeam echosounder, a side-scan sonar, a 3 m vibro-corer and a box-corer were used during the research cruises. The grain size distribution and 137Cs content of the sand samples were determined. Marine shells were dated by the AMS14C technique and pollen analyses were carried out on samples of muddy sands lying below the marine sand. A 2 to 4.5 m thick layer of marine sands lies on the boulder till and locally on late Pleistocene ice margin lake deposits. The 137Cs content indicates that the 0.4-0.8 m thick sand layer is mobile during storms. After the dredging operations, four pits with diameters from 80 to 120 m, depths from 3 to 4.5 m and slopes with gradients up to 30-55° were measured. Several smaller irregularly shaped pits and double furrows 30-150 m in length and 0.3-0.5 m in depth were found. The sonar mosaic also shows a 50-100 m buffer zone of fine sand around the pits which flowed over the dredger's side with water and settled on the bottom. During one year after the dredging operation the furrows generated by trailer suction hopper dredging as well as the fine sand cover around the pits disappeared completely. The four post-dredging pits left by stationary suction dredging were shallower by 2-2.5 m, their diameters increased by 40-50 m, the gradient of the slopes was reduced by up to 5-10°, and the total volume was only about 3.5% smaller than directly after dredging.

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Palaeogeographical significance of the Eemian biogenic sediments at Bór site (Warta River valley, Central Poland)

Petera-Zganiacz J., Borówka R.K., Forysiak J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Pawłowski D.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 4

687--700

EN

An investigated area is located in the middle reach of the WartaRiver valley. During drillings in the Bór site organic deposits such as detritous calcareous gyttja and calcareous detritous gyttja has been documented in a depth between 14,9 and 16,6 m. The organic deposits are covered by mineral, mostly sandy deposits. The accumulation took place in the small lake formed as an abandoned channel. Palynological analysis led to conclusion that biogenic accumulation began at the end of Wartanian and took place at least to the Eemian Interglacial optimum. Results of palynological, Cladocera and geochemical analysis inform about water level changes and increasing of trophy status of the reservoir. Presence of Mesozoic substratum very close to the palaeolake bottom influenced significantly chemical features of the organic deposits. As Eemian organic deposits are uncommon in the Warta River valley, the Bór site seems important for palaeogeographical reconstructions of the Warta River valley during Eemian Interglacial.

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Climate change and human impact in the southern Baltic during the last millennium reconstructed from an ombrotrophic bog archive

Lamentowicz M., Gałka M., Pawlyta J., Lamentowicz Ł, Goslar T., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G.

Studia Quaternaria

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2011

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Vol. 28

3-16

EN

We present the last millennium of history of a peatland located in northern Poland. Our results are based on two replicate monoliths taken from a Baltic raised bog. We applied a high-resolution approach and radiocarbon dating to the peat material to obtain a detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. To reconstruct past peatland moisture, we used three proxies: testate amoebae, plant macrofossils and pollen. Despite different peat accumulation and extensive hiatus in the formerly studied core, both monoliths show a similar pattern of changes. However, the core from this study provides us with more detailed data on S. fuscum disappearance which correlates well with the data from the other Baltic bog, Słowińskie Błoto. Our research shows that pristine Baltic bogs can be dated to AD 1350. Słowińskie Błoto palaeohydrology confirms AD 1300 as the beginning of the hydrological disturbance. In the case of the Stążki and Słowińskie Błoto bogs, the Little Ice Age (LIA) is recorded between AD 1500 and AD 1800. However, this climatic change might have been blurred by human impact. In the case of the Baltic bogs, their reference virgin state can be dated to AD 1200. After this date, we observed increasing human impact and climatic instability connected with the LIA. However, between AD 1800 and 1900, bogs were wet, most possibly due to climatic forcing. This fact suggests that despite human impact, recent peat deposits can still reflect climate. Our research provided information related to the time of existence, location and characteristics of the natural/pristine state. High-resolution peatland palaeoecology is crucial for restoration activities, e.g., rewetting and environmental management. The palaeohydrological context (supported by other proxtes) of the last 1000 years provides a retiable answer to the question: 'To rewet or not to rewet?'

4

Review and reinterpretation of the pollen and diatom data from the deposits of the Southern Baltic lagoons

Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Zachowicz J., Uścinowicz Sz.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2008

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Vol. 23

45-70

EN

According to their origin, geomorphology and hydrology, the fresh/brackish-water bays and coastal lakes of the Southern Baltic coast can be treated as lagoons. They developed at the time of and as a result of the Atlantic (Litorina) transgression of the Southern Baltica. There are many publications about the origin and evolution of the lagoons and lakes along the Polish coast of the Southern Baltic (e.g. Przybyłowska-Lange, 1973a, b, 1974, 1979, 1981; Zaborowska, 1977; Zachowicz, 1977, 1985; Wypych, 1980a, b; Zachowicz et al., 1982; Bogaczewicz-Adamczak, Miotk, 1985a, b; Dąbrowski et al., 1985; Zachowicz, Zaborowska, 1985; Borówka et al., 2001a, b, 2002). Nevertheless, the origin of the lagoons has not been fully explained. In the light of present-day information the results of earliest investigations often need to be reinterpreted. The aim of this work was the correlation of the published and unpublished pollen and diatom diagrams from Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the Southern Baltic lagoons, and their relation with radiocarbon dating. The pollen and diatom diagrams from the area of north-east Germany and the Curonian Lagoon (Kabailiene., 1999; Jahns, 2000; Kaiser et al., 2000; Endtmann, 2002; Bitinas et al., 2002) have been used for comparison. For the palynological sites, the local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) have been identified according to Janczyk-Kopikowa (1987). Comparison of the biostratigraphical data allowed us to define the approach time of the formation of the lagoons in their present-day position on the coast as well as to determine the periods of an accelerated sea-level rise and increased frequency of storm surges (so-called marine transgression phases) when the investigated areas had been under the direct influence of the sea. Such influences are visible about 7000, 6000, 5000 and 4000 years BP. This period of marine influences, about 1000-year long, corresponds very well to the same period of climate oscillations mentioned by Stuiver and Braziunas (1993), Stuiver et al. (1995) and Chapman and Shackelton (2000). The influence of the sea in the Post-Litorina period was associated mainly with the inflow of sea water through more or less developed barriers, so they are not synchronous.

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A critical review and reinterpretation of bio-, litho- and seismostratigraphic data of the Southern Baltic deposits

Zachowicz J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Kramarska R., Uścinowicz Sz., Przedziecki P.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2008

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Vol. 23

117-138

EN

The aim of this study was the reinterpretation of the published and unpublished Late-Pleistocene and Holocene pollen and diatom diagrams of deposits from the sedimentary basins of the Southern Baltic Sea and the correlation of the distinguished biostratigraphic units with lithological parameters, seismostratigraphic units. Chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene was also made. To facilitate the correlation and reinterpretation of the results of biostratigraphic (palynological and diatom) analyses, new unified and simplified diagrams were drawn using the POLPAL software. Such diagrams were constructed for all the sites under comparison, even for those of no numerical data. In such cases, the published diagrams were scanned and their percentage values were the basis for new diagrams. A review and reinterpretation of biostratigraphic data show an almost complete lack of palynological documentation and diatom diagrams for the Late Pleistocene period and poor documentation for the Early Holocene. Middle and Late Holocene Baltic muds have the best biostratigraphic documentation and radiocarbon dating, which greatly facilitates their location on the geological time scale. Among the Southern Baltic postglacial sediments three lithostratigraphic units were identified. They differ in their lithological features reflecting the conditions prevalent in the sedimentary basin during deposition. It should be noted that these units meet no formal criteria for distinguishing lithostratigraphic units. Similarly, within the Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of Southern Baltic deep-water basins, three main seismostratigraphic complexes have been identified. The integrated analysis of seismoacoustic profiles, lithological profiles of cores and reinterpretated biostratigraphic data allow a correlation of the bio-, litho- and seismostratigraphic units with chronostratigraphic units and Baltic evolutionary phases.

6

Ewolucja środowiska w rynnie jeziora Jasień w obrazie palinologicznym i zmian fauny Cladocera

Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Niska M.

Landform Analysis

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2008

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Vol. 7

102--112

PL

Na obszarze rynny jeziora Jasień zlokalizowano cztery stanowiska, dla których wykonano analizę palinologiczną i analizę szczątków Cladocera. Celem badań było odtworzenie przemian środowiska przyrodniczego na tym terenie. Rdzenie, z których pobrano próby do analiz, składały się głównie z osadów typu gytia i torf. Próbki do analiz wykonywano według standardowych procedur. Do obróbki danych liczbowych wykorzystywano program POLPAL. Otrzymane wyniki palinologiczne umożliwiły odtworzenie historii roślinności badanego terenu począwszy od okresu borealnego, a analiza szczątków Cladocera dostarczyła informacji o fazach rozwoju części zbiornika jeziornego Obrowo Duże.

EN

In order to reconstruct the environmental history of the Jasień Lake trough, pollen analysis and an analysis of Cladocera remains have been simultaneously carried out. Sediments for pollen research have been collected in the bay section of the Jasień Lake and in the Obrowo Małe peat bog. Cladocera remains have been sampled in two sites within a peat bog adjacent to the Obrowe Duże Lake. Preparation of samples for both analyses followed standard procedures. Numerical data have been elaborated using the POLPAL software. The results of the palynological study have allowed to decipher vegetation history since the Boreal period. The peat bog of Obrowo Małe began to form at the onset of the Atlantic period. Cladocera remains yielded information about phases of water body evolution in the part of the Obrowo Duże Lake, which subject to silting transformed into a low-level valley bog, and then into a transitional peat bog. Pollen and Cladocera analyses have been carried out on material collected at dissimilar sites, which practically excludes the possibility of correlation of results and allowed one only to reconstruct the major hydrological changes, common for the entire region. In the latest Holocene, in the Jasień Lake trough a trend towards water level decrease is observed due to both climatic and human impact. Further changes included the rise of trophic level in the lake and vegetation succession onto the shallower parts of the lake.

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Tree stumps from the bottom of the Vistula Lagoon as indicators of water level changes in the Southern Baltic during the Late Holocene

Łęczyński L., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Zachowicz J., Uścinowicz S., Krąpiec M.

Oceanologia

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2007

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No. 49 (2)

245-257

EN

The Vistula Lagoon is situated along the south-eastern shore of the Gulf of Gdansk and is linked with the gulf through the Strait of Baltiysk. Separated from the open sea by the Vistula Spit, the Vistula Lagoon is a shallow body of water with a mean depth of 3 m; the bottom is covered with a layer of mud several metres thick. This article presents a unique, newly discovered locality of tree stumps occurring in situ at the bottom of the Vistula Lagoon. The radiocarbon age of the alder stumps and the top of the peat in which they are rooted is Subboreal. The alder wood was dated to 4770š35 and 3295š35 years BP. The top layers of peat were dated to 4670š40, 4410š35 and 3690š35 years BP. The considerable scatter of the dates indicates the significance of erosional processes during marine transgressions. Radiocarbon dates and pollen analyses indicate that in the late Atlantic - early Subboreal periods, the water level of the Vistula Lagoon was about 3 m lower than it is today. The -2 m level was passed no earlier than c. 3500 years ago; the -1 m level was reached around 2000 years ago.

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The results of palynological investigations as the evidence of development of the Rzucewo Culture neolithic settlement on the coast of the Puck Lagoon

Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Król D.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2005

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Vol. 16

65--70

EN

Archaeological investigations have been performed for years in the vicinity of the Rzucewo Headland, on the western shore of the Puck Lagoon. The best known site of the Neolithic Rzucewo Culture is located there. Also palynological investigation was performed earlier in this area. The present article is an attempt at recapitulating the obtained information. Materials for the palynological tests came both from organic sediments, which occur on the shore of the present Lagoon, and directly from archaeological excavations. The obtained results of both the palynological and archaeological tests made it possible to find out that the earliest traces of the economic activity of humans in this area belong to settlement which was earlier than that of the Rzucewo Culture. This Paraneolithic settlement is dated at the end of the Atlantic Period. The area under investigation was covered then by peatlands and lake, which determined that the main economic activity of humans was fishing, and animal husbandry done on a small scale was only an extra activity of the then population. Archaeologically dated at 4400-3700 years BP, the settlement of the Rzucewo Culture developed when the sea transgressed into the area of the present Puck Lagoon. The results of the research shows that in the economic activity of the inhabitants of the settlement both animal husbandry and farming were treated as matters of secondary importance, while fishing and seal hunting were the main activities. The impact on the environment resembled Mesolithic economy rather than that of the Neolithic Age, hence traces of this activity are poorly visible in pollen diagrams.

PL

W okolicy Cypla Rzucewskiego, na zachodnim brzegu Zalewu Puckiego, jest zlokalizowane najbardziej znane stanowisko neolitycznej kultury rzucewskiej, na którym od wielu lat są prowadzone badania archeologiczne, od kilku lat również badania palinologiczne. Materiał do badań palinologicznych stanowiły osady organiczne występujące w strefie brzegowej obecnej laguny, jak i próbki osadów pobrane bezpośrednio z wykopów archeologicznych.Wyniki zarówno badań palinologicznych, jak i archeologicznych wskazały na ślady osadnictwa wcześniejsze niż kultura rzucewska. Ta wcześniejsza faza, związana z osadnictwem preneolitycznym, jest datowana palinologicznie na koniec okresu atlantyckiego. Teren badań zajmowały wówczas torfowiska i jeziora, co decydowało o tym, że głównym zajęciem ludzi było rybołówstwo. Prowadzona na niewielką skalę hodowla bydła była zajęciem dodatkowym.Osadnictwo kultury rzucewskiej, datowane archeologicznie na 4400-3700 lat BP, rozwijało się w czasie, gdy na obszar obecnego Zalewu Puckiego transgredowało morze. Jednak i w tym przypadku wyniki badań palinologicznych wskazują, że zarówno hodowla, jak i uprawa roli były zajęciami mniejszej rangi. Głównymi zajęciami gospodarczymi było rybołówstwo i polowanie na foki. Taki typ gospodarki, przypominający bardziej gospodarkę mezolityczną niż neolityczną, słabo zaznacza się na diagramach pyłkowych.

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Geologic setting and palynologic examination of the Vistulian sediments at Koźmin near Turek, central Poland

Forysiak J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., Petera J.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

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1999

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Vol. 43, Nr 1

85-98

EN

Several alternating organic-mineral and mineral beds of the Vistulian, accumulated by a braided river, are recorded from outcrops of the Adamów open-cast mine. They have considerable lateral extension and are underlain by the Wartanian till. Sedimentary structures and lithologic analyses prove varying-energy conditions during formation of the mineral series. The organic-mineral series (organic silts and peats) is an effect of a low-energy flow. Palynologic examination does not allow to establish the age relationship between these sediments and particular warmings during the Vistulian.

PL

Odkrywka Koźmin KWB Adamów znajduje się na rozległej równinie aluwialnej w zachodniej części basenu uniejowskiego. Powierzchnię równiny pokrywają osady tarasowe vistulianu pocięte wąskimi strefami aluwiów holoceńskich. W zachodniej części obszaru A. Mańkowska (1980) wyróżniła piaski glacifluwialne zlodowacenia wisły, natomiast P. Kłysz (1981) i P. Kłysz, W. Stankowski (1986) wiek piasków wiążą ze zlodowaceniem środkowopolskim. Osady czwartorzędowe odsłaniają się na długości 30 m profilu. Dominują utwory neoplejstocenu i holocenu. Podścielają je zdeformowane glacitektonicznie a następnie ścięte erozyjnie osady trzeciorzędowe. Nad nimi leżą osady różnofrakcyjne, m.in. izolowane płaty gliny zwałowej zlodowacenia warty. Płaty gliny zwałowej w odkrywce Koźmin odpowiadają dolnemu poziomowi gliny zlodowacenia warty z pobliskiego stanowiska Smulsko (H. Klatkowa, 1992, 1993). Osady vistuliańskie reprezentowane są głównie przez piaski, poprzedzielane poziomami organiczno-mineralnymi, charakteryzującymi się znacznym rozprzestrzenieniem lateralnym. Najniższy kompleks organiczny 9 ma największą miąższość i w głównej mierze składa się z laminowanych faliście, częściowo zaburzonych piasków i mułów organicznych. Obraz palinologiczny nie pozwala jednak na stwierdzenie czy osady powstały w początkowym okresie vistulianu, czy też można je łączyć z którymś z późniejszych interstadiałów. Nadległa seria osadów mineralnych zbudowana jest z różnofrakcyjnych piasków warstwowanych horyzontalnie i przekątnie. Wyżej zalega poziom osadów mineralno-organicznych z torfem, zaburzonych postsedymentacyjnie. Wyniki analizy palinologicznej wyraźnie wskazują, że w czasie powstawania tej serii panował klimat zimny, uniemożliwiający rozwój lasów. Należy to łączyć najprawdopodobniej z jakąś interfazą. Serię mineralno-organiczną przykrywają osady piaszczyste i mułkowe, wykazujące zróżnicowane warstwowanie. Najwyższy poziom vistuliański w stanowisku Koźmin to seria osadów organiczno-mineralnych utworzonych z piasku, torfu i mułku. Wyniki analizy palinologicznej wskazują, że badane osady powstały w zimnym interstadiale bądź interfazie. Serie organiczno-mineralne 5 oraz 7 mają znacznie mniejszą miąższość. Podlegały intensywnym deformacjom o charakterze niestatecznego warstwowania gęstościowego. W obrębie serii vistuliańskiej rozwinęły się liczne struktury szczelinowe. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że rola stratygraficzna osadów vistuliańskich jest mniejsza niż zakładano pierwotnie. Obraz palinologiczny nie pozwala na odniesienie poziomów organicznych do konkretnych okresów ciepłych vistulianu, ale może być podstawą do rekonstrukcji ewolucji paleośrodowiska basenu uniejowskiego. Kontynuowane są prace w celu określenia specyfiki osadów oraz warunków ich sedymentacji w vistulianie i holocenie.