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EN
The objective of this paper is to investigate appearance of surface ignition - postignition experienced inside the engine cylinder and correlate it with the nature of the spark ignition combustion prior to the onset of surface ignition. The test engine used to carry out all experiments was a Jaguar optical single-cylinder engine, operating in spark-ignition mode, although with negative valve overlap. The optical configuration of the engine allows characterizing and analyzing combustion process based on the processing of captured images in correlation with in-cylinder pressure and other parameters recorded with regard to instantaneous engine operating conditions. Results of the experiments covered in this publication focus on flame propagation and development as well as reveal occurrence of abnormal combustion processes. Experimental observations, especially the captured images show a relationship between the nature of normal combustion process initiated by spark discharge and the existence of abnormal combustion phenomena. All tests were performed under fixed engine conditions - constant speed and single component hydrocarbon fuel. Because the nature of fuel can shape the combustion process, a brief discussion and a proposed correlation of anti-knock, auto-ignition, and resistance to surface ignition qualities of a few single- and multi-component fuels is presented. Finally the publication leads to provide an indication of possible solutions concerning the problem of uncontrolled post-ignition events in optical engines.
3
Content available remote Konkurencyjność a globalizacja. Szanse i zagrożenia
PL
W pierwszych dwóch częściach referatu autor wskazuje, iż jego celem jest reasumpcja dotychczasowego dorobku ekonomii na temat globalizacji oraz charakteryzuje najważniejsze objawy tego procesu. W części trzeciej i czwartej, analizując jej gospodarcze następstwa i wskazując na przyczyny, zgłasza zastrzeżenia w odniesieniu do niektórych uogólnień F. Fukuyamy oraz G. Kołodki.
EN
In the first two parts of the paper the author points out to his objective of summering the achievements of the economy in the field of globalization and characterizes the main symptoms of the process. In the third and fourth part while analyzing its economic reasons and consequences show some doubts concerning optimistic generalizations of F. Fukuyama and G. Kolodko.
5
Content available remote Electron paramagnetic resonance in dating of fossil organic remains
EN
The EPR method of dating is based on measurements of the concentration of paramagnetic centres generated by ionising radiation. The age (t) of a given sample is defined as the ratio of the geological dose (AD) to the annual dose (D). The geological dose is determined on the basis of the extrapolation of the EPR signal intensity dependence on the laboratory irradiation dose. The annual dose is the sum of an external (Dext) and internal (Dint) doses. The external dose is measured at the site of sample as intensity of delta radiation. The internal dose is determined by spectroscopic methods on the basis of the concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium in the sample. This paper reports a determination of the geological dose of cave bear tooth enamel found in the Nietoperzowa Cave (Cracow Plain), performed at the Institute of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.
6
Content available remote Experimental assessment of critical stability parameters related to wave height
EN
In the period of 1992-94 the team of Ship Hydromechanics Division, Technical University of Gdańsk carried out experiments with the free runnig ship model on the lake in various weather conditions. The aim of the model tests was to collect information about ship capsizing related to significant wave height and various stability parameters. The procedure of carrying out the investigations is described. Stability criteria in function of the wave height were established onthe basis of the experimental results. Compliance with the proposals is expected to protect the ship against capsizing at sea if the wave conditions are known.
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