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3 2024

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The Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Cellulose Acetate-Based Bioplastic from Durian Skin

Rahmatullah, Putri Rizka Wulandari, Komariah Leily Nurul, Waristian Harry, Hadi Alek Al, Handoko Kavin, Gufron Muhamad Fadhil

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 11

70--82

Bioplastic is a biodegradable and environmentally friendly material because it uses natural materials in the form of plant fibers. The plants with high fiber content can be converted to cellulose acetate as a raw material for bioplastics. Durian skin is a biomass waste that has the potential to be a raw material for bioplastics. Cellulose-based bioplastics are generally made by adding adhesives, plasticizers, and fillers. In this study, the manufacture of bioplastics used the cellulose acetate from durian skin with variations of plasticizer concentration, plasticizer type, starch adhesive, and chitosan. Glycerol and sorbitol were used as plasticizers with variations in concentration of 20%, 30%, and 40%. The mass ratio of cellulose and starch used was 1.5:1. Bioplastics were produced by adding chitosan, starch, and variations of plasticizers in each concentration which were achieved varying values in tensile strength, water absorption, density values, elongation values, Young’s modulus, degradability, and different bioplastic surface structures. The best bioplastic result is bioplastic with 20% sorbitol concentration for a density of 0.852 g/mL, water absorption of 45.99%, tensile strength of 613.12 Kpa, elongation of 2.35%, and Young’s modulus of 26090.21 Kpa. In addition, the degradation time without landfill has met the Indonesian National Standard (INS) for 45 days.

Improvement of Brown Coal Quality Through Variation of Acacia Wood Waste Biochar Composition in Producing Alternative Solid Fuel

Afrah Bazlina Dawami, Saputri Jasmine Fadhilah Delli, Putri Tiara Maharani Ramona, Komariah Leily Nurul, Riady Muhammad Ihsan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 11

188--199

More than 41% of households and 2.8 billion people worldwide depend on solid fuels including coal. The available coal reserves in Indonesia are 31.7 billion tons and only enough for the next 65 years. This makes the government encourage the development of research on the utilization of biomass waste as alternative energy. Efforts are made to convert biomass waste in the form of rubber wood into alternative solid fuels through the pyrolysis process. Biochar is produced from biomass through pyrolysis, resulting in excellent combustion quality. Biochar from pyrolysis is combined with brown coal and molasses adhesive to create coal biobriquettes as an alternative solid fuel. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal composition of brown coal and biochar in producing coal biobriquettes with the best quality. The pyrolysis process of rubber wood waste was carried out at a temperature of 350–400 °C for 2 hours. This study used variations in the composition of biochar (75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%) and brown coal (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and 15 mL molasses adhesive. Testing the combustion quality of coal biobriquettes through proximate analysis and value. The results showed that the most optimal product was a sample with a composition of 85% biochar and 15% brown coal.

Novel Organic Preservative Made from Eco-Enzyme of Tempeh Waste: The Effect of Substrate and Fermenter Types

Cundari Lia, Amaliah Shifa Putri, Azzahra Feby, Komariah Leily Nurul, Afrah Bazlina Dawami

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 2

292--301

Tempeh processing produces waste in the form of liquid and solid waste that can be utilized into eco-enzyme with the addition of yeast and substrate and lemon peel as a companion raw material. This study aimed to produce eco-enzyme from tempeh waste which is then applied as a preservative for mango fruit. The fixed variables in this study are the volume of liquid waste, the amount of epidermis solid waste, the amount of lemon peel, and the amount of yeast and the length of fermentation time. The independent variables were fermenter type (1 and 2) and substrate type (brown sugar (Eco-A), granulated sugar (Eco-B), and molasses (Eco-C)). The results showed that the eco-enzyme products produced were light brown (Eco-A and Eco-C), light yellow (Eco-B) and had a fresh sour aroma typical of lemon peel. The volume of eco-enzyme products after fermentation process were Eco-A1 3.45; Eco-A2 3.27; Eco-B1 3.35; Eco-B2 3.55; Eco-C1 3.25; and Eco-C2 3.36 L. The pH value obtained ranged from 3.05-3.25. Phenol levels ranged from 0.050–0.175 mg/L. The fruit preservation process obtained with Eco-C1 is the best variable, where the mango fruit has a shelf life of up to 16 days, with commercial organic preservatives for 12 days and mango fruit without preservatives has a shelf life of 10 days. The preservative from tempeh waste is potential to develop as a commercial product.