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1

Microprocessor controlled luxmeter with automatic operation and digital data recording for long-term measurements (not only) of low illuminance

Hrbac R., Novak T., Sokansky K., Kolar V.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 6

337--340

EN

This contribution deals with the instrumental support of long-term sensing of light technical data measured under the night sky. The objective of such measurements is the quantification of obtrusive light and its different levels comparison in populated industrial areas and outside. For long-term measurements of low illuminance levels (approx. 10-2 lux) and luminance (about 10-3 cd/m2) it is necessary to use not only measuring devices with high sensitivity, but also completely autonomous with the possibility of saving the measured data.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy urządzeń pomagających przy długoterminowym skanowaniu technicznych danych oświetlenia obserwowanego nocnego nieba. Celem pomiarów jest analiza zanieczyszczenia świetlnego w zaludnionych obszarach przemysłowych oraz poza nimi. Dla długoterminowych pomiarów niskich poziomów natężenia oświetlenia (cca 10-2 lx) i luminancji (około 10-3 cd/m2) powinny być wykorzystywane nie tylko urządzenia o wysokiej czułości, ale również urządzenia całkowicie autonomiczne z możliwością zapisywania danych pomiarowych.

2

Measurement of obtrusive light in terms of Czech Republic

Novak T., Sokansky K., Zavada P.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2011

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R. 87, nr 4

32-34

PL

Przez zanieczyszczenie świetle rozumie się jak oświetlenie nocnego nieba, tak rówież i każde światło, które oślepia bądź też oświetla miejsca, gdzie światło nie jest potrzebne, co powoduje tzw. interferencję światła. Takie oświetlenie powoduje straty energii. Pomiary były wykonane dla uzyskania o informacji o jasności nocnego nieba w różnych warunkach meteorologicznych i w różnych lokalizacjach (ze zwróceniem uwagi na wpływ sztucznych źródeł światła na jasność nieba). Wyniki wykonanych pomiarów posłużą do weryfikacji fizyczego modelu nocnego nieba. Model ten ma za celu zidentyfikowanie, jakim sposobem źródła światła (VO, bądź całe miasta) mogą mieć wpływ na jasność nieba w różnych odległościach od źródła światła a w różnych sytuacjach meteorologicznych.

EN

Obtrusive light (light pollution) refers to both the night sky luminance as well as any light that radiates to the places where it is not required. Moreover, this kind of light increases the energy losses. The measurements are done for the purpose of obtaining information about night sky luminance at different meteorological situations and in different locations. We want to know influence of the artificial light sources on the night sky luminance. Outputs from the measurements are used to verify the physical model of the night sky. The aim of this model is to find out how the artificial light sources (public lighting, or whole cities) are capable to influence the sky luminance at different distances and under different meteorological conditions. The future of this model is to compare influences of the new artificial outdoor lighting systems to the night sky luminaince in the project phase.

3

Instrumentation for long term measuring of parameters under night sky

Novak T., Zavada P., Sokansky K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2011

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R. 87, nr 4

55-57

EN

The paper deals with equipment for long-term measurement. We want to collect information about night sky, quantify the obtrusive light and compare the level of it in industrial and habited areas and out of them. For long-term measurements of Iow level illuminance (about 10-3 lx) and luminance (about 10-3 cd/m2) should be applied not only the measuring equipments with high sensitivity, but also completely independent one with the ability to save the measured data.

PL

Artykuł mówi o przyrządach do pomiarów długoterminowych. Chcemy zebrać informacje o nocnym niebie, określić ilościowo zanieczyszczenie świetlne, porównać jego poziom na obszarze przemysłowym i zamieszkałym a także poza nim. Do długoterminowych pomiarów niskich poziomów natężenia oświetlenia (ok. 10-2 lx) i luminacji (ok. 10-3 cd/m2) koniecznym jest użycie urządzeń nie tylko o wysokiej czułości, ale także z całkowicie niezależną możliwością zapisu namierzonych danych.

4

Benefits of low-intensive grazing : co-occurrence of umbelliferous plant (Hladnikia pastinacifolia Rchb.) and opilionid species (Phalangium opilio. L) in dry, calcareous grassland

Sajna N., Kusar P., Slana Novak L. L., Novak T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 4

777-786

EN

The impact of grazing has been discussed in many organisms, and it has been shown that it has considerable influence on the structural variation of vegetation, resulting in its tussocky appearance. Such spatial heterogeneity results in plants formations that facilitate other species by providing safe sites against predation and physical stress. On the Trnovski gozd plateau in western Slovenia, a secondary habitat of the rare, monotypic endemic umbelliferous species, Hladnikia pastinacifolia, was colonized by a relatively isolated population of the wide spread opilionid species, Phalangium opilio. We hypothesized that in this stony pasture, the impact of the structurally heterogenous vegetation that results from low-intensity grazing benefits both species on hot summer days. For this purpose, we classified vegetation formation types (VFT) and measured temperature and relative humidity in places settled by Ph. opilio individuals during their daily rest. According to the predominant species, we recognized six VFTs: Carlina acaulis, Ruta divaricata, Koeleria pyramidata, Juniperus communis, understory vegetation and grazed turf. Only the spiny C. acaulis and unpalatable R. divaricata facilitated H. pastinacifolia, while also acting as nurse plants. On the other hand, Ph. opilio preferred the understory, but also settled on the other VFts, except Ruta. During the highest daily temperature of about 38[degrees]C, Ph. opilio avoided the grazed turf. Temperature preferences refer to frequencies of individuals rather than to absolute temperature values. The frequencies were independent of sex and the VFTs. Females were more frequently found in tussocks showing higher temperature profiles (Juniperus, Koeleria). During the hot daytime, Ph. opilio was most sensitive to relative humidity, and less so to temperature, whilst the height of settlement varied in adjusting these two environmental factors. The distribution of males significantly differed between the subsequent morning, midday and evening series, but not between the morning and evening ones, while in females it differed between all the three time series. In habitats, such as stony dry pastures, low grazing intensity can maintain persistent populations of H. pastinacifolia and Ph. opilio even in extremely hot weather. Such grazing is the most convenient measure for protecting both species, especially the highly endangered Hladnikia. The major threat to such habitats is afforestation by Pinus nigra, which deserves additional management. We found that in stony pastures, low grazing intensity assures the structural heterogeneity of vegetation required to maintain persistent populations, of both H. pastinacifolia and Ph. opilio.

5

Obtrusive light measurement

Novak T., Dostal F.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2008

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R. 84, nr 8

50-53

EN

The obtrusive light is understood as luminance of the night sky as well as any light that glares or radiates into locations where it is not desired and causes so called light overlap. Moreover this sort of light increases the energy losses. In this study we consider the increase of luminance of sky which causes sky glow that cause worse observation of stars. This is an obstruction mainly for astronomers but also for those who just like to observe the stars. We also published results of some measurements of illuminances under night sky in Ostrava city, in Czech Republic.

PL

Światło intruzyjne oznacza luminancję nieboskłonu nocnego jak również światło olśniewające i promieniujące w miejscach, gdzie nie jest pożądane, powodując tak zwane pokrywanie światłem. Co więcej oświetlenie takie związane jest z większym zużyciem energii. W badaniach rozpatrywaliśmy zależność pomiędzy wzrostem luminancji nieboskłonu i obserwacją gwiazd. Jest to problematyka dla astronomów i obserwatorów gwiazd. Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów natężeń oświetlenia od nocnego nieba w Ostrawie w Czechach.

6

Energy savings in public lighting

Sokansky K., Novak T.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2008

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R. 84, nr 8

72-74

EN

This article deals with possibilities of energy saving in the area of public lighting:achieving energy savings in the framework of particular components of public lighting; the potential for savings in public lighting according to the size of towns and municipalities; benefits of hitherto realized energy saving measures; overall evaluation of possibilities of energy saving.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości oszczędzania energii w oświetleniu publicznym: uzyskanie oszczędności energetycznych w różnych sektorach oświetlenia publicznego; potencjalne oszczędności w oświetleniu publicznym wynikające z wielkości miast i społeczności; korzyści wynikające ze stosowania miar energetycznych; uogólniona ocena możliwości oszczędzania energii.

7

"Red book" of the Hungarian landscapes atlas of the threaths on the natural functioning of the 229 Hungarian microregions

Csorba P., Szabo J., Bodnar R., Szilagyi Z., Szabo G., Szabo S., Novak T., Fazekas I.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 8

43--60

EN

For the good established landscape planning landscape protection and landscape management actions have to take into consideration the actual conditions of the landscape elements. Earlier we dealt with the stability of the landscapes (Kerényi, Csorba, 1996), recently started to investigate the most important factors, which are endangers the proper functioning of the landscapes. Results are calculated for 229 microregions of the country, which are elements of the official landscape hierarchy of Hungary described in the Cadastral of Microregions of Hungary. The average size of the microregions are 100-500 km2. There are certain factors among which some have already elaborated, and others are being worked on yet. Degree of ecological fragmentation of the microregions by roads, railway lines and settlements was determined during the last year. In the case of large settlements the extent of inner parts, traffic intensities of the roads was taken into account, while in the case of railroads it was taken into consideration whether railway lines are single or double tracked. Results were purified using a weighting, where the location of the protected natural areas compared to the situation of the given settlement, roads or railroads was taken into consideration. In the calculations it was taken into account as well that the agglomeration processes of the large settlements may restrict the ecological gates and corridors of the migration of plant and animal species. From the series of maps on natural threats on microregional level, the map of the hazards of drought is presented first. The map gives a definite answer to the question, in which microregions is profitable to establish irrigation systems; and how high is the uncertainty of the rate of their utilization. Global warming, however, may modulate the map resented here remarkably in the next decades. Microregions that have been classified into transition categories with moderate or medium level of drought hazard may fall into categories of serious hazard of drought in the future. A synthesizing map has been completed by summing the seven datasets of the indicator group of natural hazards and the weighting of the subsets. Landscape planning is strongly affected by tendencies of macro economy on the present land use structure. EU agricultural policies have just started to affect strongly on Hungarian land use structure, therefore attempts have been made in order to forecast their impacts. Present Hungarian land use structure has been compared to priorities of the EU. Prospective shifts in land use structure have been determined for the 35 regions of Hungary. According to the 8-10 factors mentioned above, we shall have a detailed database to evaluate the microregions of Hungary in order to characterize the most threatened landscapes, and the most dangerous impacts on the landscape functioning.