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PL
Artykuł przedstawia pokrótce historię międzynarodowej współpracy Instytutu Łączności – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego (IŁ) w wybranych dziedzinach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem najistotniejszych międzynarodowych konferencji, których był inicjatorem i organizatorem oraz w zakresie współpracy w ramach najważniejszych organizacji międzynarodowych (ITU, CEPT, IEC, IALA-IMO, ETSI, URSI, IEEE-EMCS, ICTP, OWŁ/RWPG).
EN
The article briefly presents the history of international cooperation of the National Institute of Telecommunications in selected fields of activities, with particular focus on the most important international conferences, of which Institute was the initiator and organizer and in the field of cooperation within the most important international organizations (ITU, CEPT, IEC, IALA-IMO, ETSI, URSI, IEEE-EMCS, ICTP, OWŁ / RWPG).
2
Content available On Radio-Frequency Spectrum Management
EN
This article review lessons learned from the uses of radio-frequency (RF) spectrum at national and international scales. Its main purpose is to stimulate debate on how to allow new wireless systems to operate, and to reduce the chronic apparent shortage of RF spectrum. The article aims at a better understanding of the mechanisms behind spectrum management and their pertinence to the public interest. The main contributions if the article are: • Considering RF spectrum management as a construct that structures radio services and, at the same time, distributes wealth and power; • Highlighting major doctrines of RF spectrum management; • Promoting spectrum management directly by its users; • Promoting cooperation and transparency. The several parts of the paper include the evolution of spectrum exploitation, and a foreseeable future by taking a closer look at major dilemmas and challenges. The paper ends with general comments and conclusions.
PL
Artykuł zawiera ogólny przegląd problemów związanych z inżynierią widma w aspekcie radia kognitywnego, bez wiązania go z jakąkolwiek specyficzną technologią, zakresem częstotliwości lub zastosowaniem. Zajętość taka jest powodowana nieliniowościami w elementach toru transmisyjnego i w otoczeniu. Omawia się w nim podstawowe mechanizmy oraz dyskutuje problemy praktycznego wykorzystania tej nowej technologii. Przedstawia się dwa algorytmy, z których jeden pozwala odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy dany kanał częstotliwości może być wykorzystany przez radio kognitywne w konkretnej sytuacji. Przytacza się wyniki badań symulacyjnych pokazujące, że wirtualna zajętość może znacznie ograniczać pulę dostępnych kanałów. Drugi algorytm pozwala oszacować prawdopodobieństwo tego rodzaju efektów nieliniowych przy koegzystencji systemów radiowych na danym obszarze geograficznym. Chociaż został on opracowany dla innego zastosowania radia (tzw. CB - citizen band) autorzy proponują, aby zaadaptować go dla potrzeb radia kognitywnego. Dotychczas, przy wyznaczaniu obszarów potencjalnego zastosowania radia kognitywnego nie brano pod uwagę wirtualnej zajętości ani nie zwracano uwagi na konieczność oddzielnego planowanie częstotliwości dla kanałów nadawania i dla kanałów odbioru w radiu kognitywnym. Wspomina się związane z tematem wcześniejsze badania Instytutu Łączności i proponuje się dalsze prace.
EN
This article reviews problems of virtual occupancy of radio spectrum from the perspective of cognitive radio. It is quite general and does not imply any specific technology, application, or frequency. Such occupancy results from nonlinearities in radio transmitters and receivers and in their neighborhood. The process is known also as intermodulation or spectrum enrichment. The paper discusses its mechanisms and problems it creates for practical application of cognitive radio. Then it describes two general algorithms. One of them, answering the question whether or not a given frequency channel can be exploited by cognitive radio to assure its interference free operation, was used in Australia. Simulation results are quoted, which show that the pool of channels available for a cognitive radio can be substantially reduced due to virtual occupancy. The second algorithm calculates the probability of intermodulation interference over a geographical region shared by radio systems. It was originally used in the USA to determine that probability for the "citizen band radio". The authors propose it to be adapter to the case of cognitive radio systems. The article does mention also research undertaken earlier in the EMC Labs. of the National Institute of Telecommunications in Wroclaw in that area and propose their continuation.
6
Content available Spectrum management. Part 1
EN
As preparations for the Year 2000 World Radiocommunication Conference continue in earnest, ITU News will bring you in-depth analyses of what is at stake in the complex radio world. Indeed, how the spectrum/orbit resources are used and managed has a profound impact on society, its prosperity, security, culture, and education. This article takes you back in history on the use, management and regulation of the radio frequency spectrum resources. It then discusses current trends.
EN
This article attempts to outline an information system that will provide data for decision-making by governments, their contractors, international consortia, private companies, and other entities interested in radiocommunications. The proposed system will harmonize national and international radio frequency spectrum management, and will integrate the existing computer resources within one computer network. It will contain the complete data on current use of radio frequencies around the world and offer specialized computer tools to facilitate the technical coordination analyses required when a new radio station is proposed. The system will help to manage the radio frequency spectrum resources and to satisfy the increasing frequency demand for new radio services and systems. It will affect strongly the spectrum management, independently of any other reform such as simplification of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. The new system will be the expected " next step" after the decisions of the recent Additional Plenipotentiary Conference (APP-92). After presenting the background, we discuss current problems in radio frequency spectrum management such as the role of new partners, fragmentation and inefficiency. Section 3 outlines the concept of the system. Comments on implementation are given in section 4 and concluding remarks in section 5.
EN
This article describes a simulation model of a national network of television broadcasting stations. The performance of a station depends on its sitting and its antenna, on its radiated power and frequency, and on surrounding terrain and electromagnetic environment. All these factors can be analysed using the simulation model. Simulation can help in the maintenance of the existing television stations and in the planning of new stations by making “what-if” considerations fast, simple and effective. The simulation model has been developed as an engineering aid in planning the low-power rebroadcasting stations.
9
Content available Flexible spectrum use and laws of physics
EN
This note refers to flexible-use spectrum rights that would allow the radio frequency spectrum to be traded, aggregated, divided and freely used for a wide range of user-selected services. So far, discussions on that approach have largely focused on economic aspects, without due consideration of physical realizability. We argue here that additional spectrum management rules are required to assure compatible coexistence of radio systems in congested environments.
EN
Environmental monitoring is of growing interest around the globe and there is a clear need for better education in this area. However, the progress is incredibly fast here and wireless sensor networking is a relatively new area of research, so no standard curricula are available yet. In 2012, the International School "Sustainable Wireless ICT Solutions for Environmental Monitoring" was organized by the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in collaboration with a few other entities. The school aimed at exposing young scientists from around the world to the newest wireless solutions for environmental monitoring. The school was followed by an awareness conference, which aimed at identifying issues that would benefit from a wider scientific collaboration. This paper begins with general information about the ICTP educational activities related to wireless technologies and applications. Then it focuses on the program of the school and conference. It shows what topics were included (and what were disregard) and what approaches were applied in order to achieve the best results with the (very) limited resources available. Details are omitted here as the complete materials of the both events are available at the Internet (http://wireless.ictp.it) under the Creative Commons.
PL
Omówiono zagadnienia ochrony systemów i sieci teleinformatycznych przed przypadkowymi i celowymi narażeniami elektromagnetycznymi w aspekcie potencjalnych ataków terrorystycznych i rozwoju społeczeństwa informacyjnego. W artykule wykorzystano częściowo wyniki prac prowadzonych w Zakładzie Kompatybilności Elektromagnetycznej Instytutu Łączności we Wrocławiu.
EN
This article discusses protection of telecommunication/information networks against electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the viewpoint of potential terrorist threats and development of Information Society. Both unintentional and intentional interference cases are covered and critical infrastructures, threats, and recommendations are discussed. References are made both to literature and author's experience during work at the EMC Laboratories of National Institute of Telecommunications in Wrocław, Poland.
PL
Zaprezentowano modele i granice rozwoju internetu oraz odpowiedziano na pytanie, kiedy zanikną w Polsce różnice w dostępie do szerokopasmowego internetu. Zidentyfikowano naturalne granice rozwoju i wykazano, że kontynuacja dotychczasowego modelu rozwoju nie prowadzi do zmniejszenia istniejących dysproporcji. Wnioski te stanowią materiał do refleksji nad problemami budowy społeczeństwa informacyjnego w Polsce.
EN
The paper presents broadband Internet growth models that answer the question when the disproportions between rural and urban regions in Poland will disappear. The models disclose inherent growth limits and indicate that the present advancement conditions do not reduce the existing gap. These limits should be taken into consideration in reflections on the further strategy of building the information society in Poland.
PL
Omówiono główne kierunki prac badawczych w dziedzinie kompatybilności elektromagnetycznej, prowadzonych w Oddziale Instytutu Łączności we Wrocławiu od momentu jego powstania. Podkreślono ich pionierski, a jednocześnie użyteczny charakter i szeroki zakres, obejmujący również prace normalizacyjne i konstrukcyjne oraz współpracę międzynarodową.
EN
The article highlights main directions of research in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) field, carried out at the National Institute of Telecommunications (NIT) branch in Wrocław since its establishment. This work was often of trail-blazing kind, had wide range and important applications, including also standardization, development activities and international cooperation.
14
Content available Trends in Use of RF Spectrum
EN
This paper reviews possible improvements in the use of radio waves for carrying information from an engineering viewpoint. A few new concepts are proposed, which reduce the problem to an arrangement of solids in a multidimensional space.
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