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Badania geofizyczne w rozwiązywaniu problemów cywilizacyjnych istotnych dla Polski

Jarosiński Marek, Krzyścin Janusz, Ustrnul Zbigniew, Kochanek Krzysztof, Janik Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

2023

Vol. 71, nr 8

418--429

In view of the challenges faced by geophysical research in the future decades and the observed decline in interest in this field of study in Poland, itis necessary to mobilize the geophysical environment. One of the main causes of the crisis in the popularity of this field of study are changes in the economic paradigm, in which an important determinant and goal of activities is the declared departure from fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. Obviously, this has a direct impact on the prospects of geophysical research, whose main contractor on a global scale is the oil industry. With the depletion of the best available deposits, there is a need to reach for deposits that were increasingly difficult to discover and exploit, which contributed to the progress in geophysical research methods that followed the development of technology and information methods - the basis of modern geophysical analyses. The announced definitive departure from fossil fuels coincided in Poland with the end of the shale-gas boom and the announcement of the program of resigning from coal mining. These announcements aroused the belief that the demand for geophysical research will also expire in the coming years together with the prospects for financing such research. However, this belief is wrong. A significant stream of funds will be directed at the development of geophysical research on a global scale, and the current sponsors of utilitarian geophysical research will occupy new niches on the market, e.g. in the accumulation of energy, storage of greenhouse gases and the search for raw materials, the lack of which is increasingly felt by the most developed economies. Along with the growing awareness of the deepening climate crisis and the destruction of the natural environment engulfing the planet, the need increases to recalculate the environmental costs of economic activity, in which broadly understood geophysical sciences can undoubtedly help. Geophysical analysis of huge datasets requires modern computational methods such as numerical modelling, machine learning and artificial intelligence. The development of these fields will therefore be necessary, but also a difficult challenge for the scientific community in Poland. In this work, we will indicate mainly the prospective areas of the economy and the science, related to the broadly understood energy transformation that requires a significant share of geophysical research. The review of the issues and methodology of current geophysical problems and proposed solutions has been arranged in accordance with the directions of research in the field of earth sciences, subjectively highlighting the tasks that seem to be the most promising and/or scientifically attractive. The text deals with the issues related to climatology, hydrology and hydrogeology, environment, geological hazards, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, waste storage, energy storage, critical raw materials, and the structure and physical condition of the Earth's crust.

Polskie badania polarne z zakresu meteorologii i klimatologii

Przybylak Rajmund, Araźny Andrzej, Miętus Mirosław, Migała Krzysztof, Niedźwiedź Tadeusz, Rachlewicz Grzegorz, Siwek Krzysztof, Ustrnul Zbigniew

Przegląd Geofizyczny

2019

Z. 1-2

3--33

W artykule dokonano przeglądu i podsumowania dorobku polskich badań meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych w obydwu obszarach polarnych w ujęciu historycznym. Omówiono różne aspekty tegoż dorobku, poczynając od organizacji i udziału w wyprawach polarnych, prowadzonego w ich trakcie zakresu pomiarów i obserwacji meteorologicznych oraz uzyskanych wyników dotyczących poznania pogody i klimatu badanych obszarów. Scharakteryzowano także dorobek publikacyjny nie będący wynikiem udziału w pomiarach i obserwacjach meteorologicznych w ramach ekspedycji polarnych, lecz efektem innych prac badawczych. Przeprowadzona szczegółowa analiza aktywności polskich naukowców w zakresie meteorologii i klimatologii polarnej w okresie od jej rozpoczęcia (koniec XIX wieku) do chwili obecnej wykazała istnienie czterech wyraźnych okresów (fal) o wyraźnie większym natężeniu tej aktywności: 1) lata 30., 2) 1957-1962, 3) lata 70., szczególnie ich druga połowa, 4) ostatnie trzydzieści lat z maksimum w okresie 2004-2009 (okres przygotowawczy 2004-2007 i IV Międzynarodowy Rok Polarny 2007-2009). Chociaż obszarem badań meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych prowadzonych przez polskich naukowców były obydwa obszary polarne, to jednak zdecydowanie największe osiągnięcia badawcze i publikacyjne (w tym w czasopismach z bazy Journal Citation Reports) dotyczą Svalbardu. Stwierdzono, iż polscy naukowcy wespół z badaczami norweskimi mają największy udział w rozpoznaniu warunków pogodowych i klimatycznych tego obszaru. Przeprowadzona szczegółowa analiza problematyki badawczej pozwoliła skonstatować, iż jest ona bardzo wszechstronna, tym niemniej za polską specjalność w badaniach meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych, szczególnie tych prowadzonych dla Svalbardu uznać należy: 1) badania mikro- a szczególnie topoklimatyczne oraz 2) badania wpływu cyrkulacji atmosferycznej na kształtowanie się pogody i klimatu.

The article presents a synthetic review and summary of the achievements of Polish meteorological and climatological research in both polar areas, with a historical perspective. Various aspects of these achievements are discussed, beginning with the organisation of and participation in polar expeditions, the scope of meteorological measurements and observations conducted during research, and results from weather and climate research in the study areas. Publications that have resulted from research other than meteorological measurements and observations conducted as part of polar expeditions are also described. A detailed analysis of the activity of Polish scientists in the field of polar climatology and meteorology since its inception in the late nineteenth century revealed four distinct periods (waves) of clearly more intense activity: 1) the 1930s, 2) 1957-1962, 3) the 1970s, especially the latter half, 4) the last 30 years, with a peak in 2004-2009 (preparatory period 2004-2007 and IV International Polar Year 2007-2009). Although the meteorological and climatological research conducted by Polish scientists included both polar regions, decidedly the greatest research and publication achievements (including journals from the Journal Citation Reports database) concern Svalbard. It was found that, alongside Norwegian researchers, Polish scientists account for the largest share in the diagnosis of weather and climate conditions in this area. A detailed analysis of the research issues led to the conclusion that Polish meteorological and climatological research is very comprehensive but, nevertheless, its specialisations, especially with regards to studies on Svalbard, are: 1) micro-climatic research, and especially topoclimatic research; and 2) research into the influence of atmospheric circulation in determining weather and climate.