Handwritten text recognition systems interpret the scanned script images as text composed of letters. In this paper, efficient offline methods using fuzzy degrees, as well as interval fuzzy degrees of type-2, are proposed to recognize letters beforehand decomposed into strokes. For such strokes, the first stage methods are used to create a set of hypotheses as to whether a group of strokes matches letter or digit patterns. Subsequently, the second-stage methods are employed to select the most promising set of hypotheses with the use of fuzzy degrees. In a primary version of the second-stage system, standard fuzzy memberships are used to measure compatibility between strokes and character patterns. As an extension of the system thus created, interval type-2 fuzzy degrees are employed to perform a selection of hypotheses that fit multiple handwriting typefaces.
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the way a company may disclose information on the strategy in an Integrated Report (IR) and explain the value creation. In this way the aim is also to determine the extent to which companies have actually embraced an integrated perspective of corporate reporting. Design/methodology/approach: The study is an exploratory one. It considers the extent to which companies are dealing with strategy-related issue of value creation in their Integrated Reports. The article uses the method based on a textual analysis of an Integrated Report of a Polish company having the longest experience in the publication of IR focusing on the strategy disclosure. Findings: Ex-ante information on a company’s intended strategy is requested by investors but it is largely non-financial (describes management’s projected course of action) and often not verifiable, therefore its credibility may be questioned. Originality/value: The examination if the IR was prepared in accordance with the 10 elements of a long-term strategy, created by FCLT Global (2015).
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