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Signed directed graph based modeling and its validation from process knowledge and process data

Yang F., Shah S. L., Xiao D.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

2012

Vol. 22, no. 1

41-53

This paper is concerned with the fusion of information from process data and process connectivity and its subsequent use in fault diagnosis and process hazard assessment. The Signed Directed Graph (SDG), as a graphical model for capturing process topology and connectivity to show the causal relationships between process variables by material and information paths, has been widely used in root cause and hazard propagation analysis. An SDG is usually built based on process knowledge as described by piping and instrumentation diagrams. This is a complex and experience-dependent task, and therefore the resulting SDG should be validated by process data before being used for analysis. This paper introduces two validation methods. One is based on cross-correlation analysis of process data with assumed time delays, while the other is based on transfer entropy, where the correlation coefficient between two variables or the information transfer from one variable to another can be computed to validate the corresponding paths in SDGs. In addition to this, the relationship captured by data-based methods should also be validated by process knowledge to confirm its causality. This knowledge can be realized by checking the reachability or the influence of one variable on another based on the corresponding SDG which is the basis of causality. A case study of an industrial process is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed methods.

Free boundary of journal bearing with spiral groove in HDD

Lu P., Xiao D., Zhou G.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

2002

Vol. 7, no 3

859-874

In a self-sealing journal bearing with spiral grooves, the bearing gap is not actually fully filled with lubricant. Specially at the seal interfaces, the so-called free boundary between the lubricant and ambient air is formed. A free boundary does not only influence the load-capacity and stability of a bearing, more importantly, it affects the bearing dynamic sealing capability. In this paper, an analytical model and numerical procedure is developed to investigate the free boundary of a journal bearing with spiral grooves. The simulation results are discussed on how the bearing parameters may affect free boundary and its impact on the bearing leakage. The approach establishes a base for precise calculation of performance parameters and optimization design of a journal bearing with spiral grooves in HDD.