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1
Content available Modelling of the Nitration of 2-Methylpyrimidine-4,6-dione (MPD)
Belaada A., Trzciński W. A., Chyłek Z. C.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 15, no. 3
516--533
EN
The conditions and kinetics of nitration of 2-methylpyrimidine-4,6-dione (MPD), which leads to the formation of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX7) via 5,5-dinitro-2-(dinitromethylene)pyrimidine-4,6-dione, are presented. An analysis of literature data enabled us to propose a simple model of the nitration of MPD. The model was verified on the basis of literature data and our own experimental data. The influence of the rate of addition of nitric acid, into a model reactor, on temperature and composition of the reaction mixture was investigated numerically. The proposed nitration model could be useful in a study of the MPD nitration process on a large scale.
2
Content available Przegląd metod obliczania parametrów fal podmuchowych
Trzciński W. A.
Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa
|
2016
|
Vol. 7, Nr 1 (23)
61--78
PL
W pracy dokonano przeglądu najczęściej stosowanych metod obliczania parametrów fal podmuchowych generowanych wybuchem ładunku materiału wybuchowego w powietrzu (wybuch swobodny) lub na powierzchni ziemi (wybuch kontaktowy). Przedstawiono empiryczne wzory Sadowskiego, Henrycha, Kingery’ego-Bulmasha, a także wzory stosowane w normach NATO oraz w przepisach obowiązujących w Polsce. Stałe we wzorach Kingery’ego-Bulmasha adaptowano do układu SI. Dokonano także aproksymacji danych uzyskanych za pomocą tych wzorów i otrzymano prostszą postać wyrażeń do obliczania charakterystyk fal podmuchowych. Przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą podstawowych parametrów fal podmuchowych, amplitudy i impulsu właściwego, uzyskanych z zastosowaniem różnych wzorów. Pokazano, w jaki sposób wybór metody obliczania parametrów wpływa na wyznaczaną wielkość stref niebezpiecznych dla ludzi ze względu na oddziaływanie fali podmuchowej.
EN
The paper is a review of the methods that are the most commonly used for calculating the parameters of blast waves generated by an explosion in air (air explosion) or on the surface of the earth (mine explosion). The empirical formulae of Sadovskiy, Henrych, Kingery-Bulmash and the models used in NATO standards and Polish regulations are presented. Constants in the Kingery-Bulmash formulae were adopted to SI system. Data obtained using this model were approximated to give a simpler form of formulae for calculating the blast characteristics. A comparative analysis of the basic parameters of blast waves, the amplitude and specific impulse, obtained with different ways was done. It was shown how the choice of the method of calculation of the blast parameters affected the size of the hazard zones for people.
3
Content available Zastosowanie testu cylindrycznego do wyznaczania charakterystyk nieidealnych materiałów wybuchowych
Trzciński W. A., Haque-Pawlik H.
Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne
|
2016
|
T. 8
13--26
PL
W pracy wykonano test cylindryczny dla wybranych nieidealnych materiałów wybuchowych. Wyniki testu wykorzystano do wyznaczania energii Gurneya, ciśnienia i energii detonacji oraz współczynników równania izentropy JWL (Jones, Wilkins, Lee) dla produktów detonacji. Równania izentrop umożliwiły obliczenie teoretycznej pracy ekspansji produktów detonacji dla badanych materiałów wybuchowych. Wyznaczone równania stanu mogą być wykorzystane na przykład do modelowania oddziaływania produktów detonacji na skały czy napędzania płyt w układach do platerowania.
EN
In this work, the cylinder test was performed on a selection of non-ideal explosives. The test data were used to determine the Gurney energy, detonation pressure and energy, and the coefficients of the JWL (Jones, Wilkins, Lee) equation of isentrope for detonation products. The isentrope equations were used to calculate the theoretical expansion work of the detonation products of the tested explosives. The determined equations of state can be used, for example, to model the action of the detonation products on rock materials or the acceleration of plates in cladding systems.
4
Content available Studies of Confined Explosions of Composite Explosives and Layered Charges
Maiz L., Trzciński W. A., Szala M., Paszula J., Karczewski K.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2016
|
Vol. 13, no. 4
957--977
EN
In the present work, the confined explosions of cylindrical homogeneous and layered charges composed of two different types of macroscopic granular multi-component RDX-based composites were investigated. These composites were obtained by the so-called “wet slurry method”. For comparison, charges consisting of simple mixtures instead of the composites, TNT and phlegmatized RDX (RDXph) were also studied. The effect of the following parameters: the structure of the macroscopic granular composite, the type of charge (cylindrical pressed material or layered with an RDXph core), oxygen availability (air or argon atmosphere) and the aluminium particle size, on the quasi-static pressure (QSP) measured inside a 150 dm3 explosion chamber was determined. Solid post-detonation residues from inside the explosion chamber were also collected and analyzed. A combination of all of these results enabled very important conclusions about aluminium combustion and behaviour during the explosion of composite and layered charges, to be drawn.
5
Content available NTO-based Melt-cast Insensitive Compositions
Trzciński W. A., Lasota J., Chyłek Z., Szala M., Paszula J.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2016
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Vol. 13, no. 3
592--611
EN
This paper presents research on insensitive melt-cast explosive compositions based on 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and containing TNT, wax, Al and RDX. The viscosity of the compositions in the operating temperature range was measured. Thermal analysis was performed as well as thermal stability and sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli were tested. The detonation parameters were also determined. Finally, the acceleration ability (Gurney energy) and the JWL coefficients for the detonation products were established.
6
Content available Explosive Properties of 4,4’,5,5’-Tetranitro-2,2’-bi-1H-imidazole Dihydrate
Lewczuk R., Szala M., Rećko J., Cudziło S., Klapötke T. M., Trzciński W. A., Szymańczyk L.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2016
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Vol. 13, no. 3
612--626
EN
This paper reports measured explosive properties of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-bi-1H-imidazole dihydrate (TNBI•2H2O). Non-isothermal kinetics analysis, calorimetric measurements, detonability tests, small-scale shock reactivity tests (SSRT), detonation velocity measurements and cylinder tests were performed. The results of the cylinder tests were used to determine the acceleration ability of TNBI•2H2O. Some experiments were conducted also with TNT, NTO, FOX-7 and RDX. Our experimental studies have shown that TNBI•2H2O is a thermodynamically stable compound, surpassing TNT with regard to its energetic and detonation parameters. The results of the SSRT indicate that this material has better performance in small charges than RDX, FOX-7 and NTO.
7
Content available A Melt-Cast Composition Based on NTO and FOX-7
Belaada A., Trzciński W. A., Chyłek Z., Szala M., Paszula J.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2016
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Vol. 13, no. 4
882--902
EN
A melt-cast composition containing NTO, FOX-7, TNT, Al and wax was prepared and tested. The viscosity of the melted composition was measured. Its sensitivity to impact, friction, shock wave and jet impact were determined, and its thermal stability and ignition temperature were established. Some detonation properties of the composition were investigated. The heat of detonation was measured using a calorimetric bomb. The detonation pressure and velocity were determined in a plate-dent test. The results of a cylinder test were used for the determination of the Gurney energy, the detonation pressure and energy, and the so-called effective exponent of the expansion isentrope and the JWL equation of state of the detonation products.
8
Content available Wyznaczanie stref zagrożenia odłamkami
Trzciński W. A., Hańderek J.
Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne
|
2015
|
T. 7
14--30
PL
W pracy dokonano przeglądu metod stosowanych w Polsce i w krajach NATO do wyznaczania stref zagrożenia odłamkami. Szczegółowo omówiono procedurę obliczania stref zagrożenia przedstawioną w normie STANAG 4440. Zaproponowano własną metodę określania maksymalnego zasięgu dla odłamków niebezpiecznych dla ludzi. Dla modelowego pocisku obliczono prędkość początkową i rozkład masowy odłamków oraz wyznaczono strefy zagrożenia dla ludzi oraz maksymalny zasięg odłamków dla różnych poziomów bezpieczeństwa. Podobne obliczenia wykonano dla modelowego stosu amunicji. Porównano uzyskane rezultaty z wielkościami stref określonych w przepisach obowiązujących w Polsce.
EN
The paper presents an overview of methods used in Poland and NATO countries for determining hazard zones for fragments. The procedure for calculating the hazard zones presented in the STANAG 4440 is discussed in detail. The method was proposed to estimate the maximum distance for debris dangerous to humans. For a model projectile the initial velocity and mass distribution of fragments were calculated and the zone of hazard to humans and maximum distance for fragments for different security levels were determined. Similar calculations were performed for a model stack of ammunition. The results obtained were compared with the zones specified in the Polish regulations.
9
Content available Methods for Preparing Spheroidal Particles of 3-Nitro- 1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)
Lasota J., Chyłek Z., Trzciński W. A.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2015
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Vol. 12, no. 4
769--783
EN
This paper presents an overview of methods for recrystallizing 3-nitro- 1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), with particular emphasis on methods for obtaining spheroidal particles with low porosity. The effects of selected solvents and surfactants on the recrystallization results was checked. Products in the form of spheroidal particles were obtained for some selected solvent-surfactant systems. The bulk density, surface area, size distribution, and sensitivity to friction and impact were tested for the spherical NTO samples and thermal analysis was also performed.
10
Content available Estimation of the Effectiveness of Reactive Armours with Nitrocellulose and Cellulose Composites in Jet Dispersion
Trzciński W. A., Cudziło S., Dyjak S.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2015
|
Vol. 12, no. 1
99--115
EN
Monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose (NC-C) composites solidified with starch were used in a model reactive armour with steel plates. The acceleration ability of the gaseous reaction products of composites was examined by the use of X-ray technique. The effectiveness of the reactive armour containing NC-C composites in weakening the ability of jet penetration was assessed experimentally on the basis of the size of holes in the steel plates and effects of the impact of jet particles on a steel plate located under the armour. It has been shown that the size of the holes in the driven plate increases and the degree of penetration of the “witness” plate is reduced with the decrease of the angle of jet impact. The modified Gurney model was applied to simulate the process of driving steel plates in the reactive armor with a layer of NC-C composite. The model was verified by using the results of X-ray recording of plates driven by the reaction products. The effectiveness of reactive armors with NC-C composites in weakening the penetration ability of shaped charge jets was evaluated in a manner based on the results of theoretical modeling
11
Content available remote 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on : otrzymywanie, krystalizacja, właściwości, kompozycje wybuchowe
Lasota J., Trzciński W. A.
Przemysł Chemiczny
|
2014
|
T. 93, nr 11
1859-1865
PL
Dokonano przeglądu dostępnej literatury na temat metod otrzymywania i krystalizacji 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onu (NTO). Podano podstawowe właściwości wybuchowe czystego materiału oraz omówiono skład i właściwości mało wrażliwych kompozycji plastycznych, odlewanych i prasowanych zawierających NTO. Przytoczono przykłady zastosowania kompozycji w amunicji.
EN
A review with 41 refs. Formulations and properties of the title compd.-contg. low sensitive melt-cast, plastic and pressed explosive compns. and their use in munitions were presented.
12
Content available Detonation and Decomposition Characteristics of Dichlorate(VII) μ-Tris(4-amino-1,2,4-triazole)copper(II)
Cudziło S., Trzciński W. A., Paszula J., Nita M.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2014
|
Vol. 11, no. 4
539--552
EN
Dichlorate(VII) μ-tris(4-amino-1,2,4-triazole)copper(II) is an explosive with a performance close to that of lead azide. However, it is quite stable and has moderate sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli. In order to fully characterize it as a primary explosive, its thermal decomposition kinetics were studied and some important detonation and explosion parameters (detonation heat and velocity, acceleration ability, water shock wave overpressure, and energy) were measured and/or calculated.
13
Content available Topliwe kruszące materiały wybuchowe
Cudziło S., Trzciński W. A.
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
|
2014
|
Vol. 63, nr 4
43-55
PL
W artykule przedstawiono stan aktualny i perspektywy rozwoju kruszących mieszanin wybuchowych, które mogą być formowane w ładunki metodą odlewania. Kolejno omówiono typowe składy, właściwości i sposoby otrzymywania mieszanin trotylu z proszkami glinu oraz z heksogenem lub oktogenem. W nowszych, tzw. małowrażliwych kompozycjach, trotyl został zastąpiony 2,4 dinitroanizolem, natomiast zamiennikami heksogenu lub oktogenu są 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on, nitroguanidyna i/lub chloran(VII) amonu. Zmniejszoną wrażliwością charakteryzują się także kompozycje, w których składnik niskotopliwy jest substancją niewybuchową. W tej roli stosuje się woski naturalne lub różnego rodzaju polimery, np. polibutadien z końcowymi grupami hydroksylowymi, polietery lub polikaprolakton z energetycznymi plastyfikatorami. Najbardziej zaawansowanymi odlewalnymi materiałami wybuchowymi są kompozycje zawierające energetyczne, termoplastyczne elastomery i wysokoenergetyczne związki wybuchowe (w tym wysokoazotowe) w formach krystalicznych o jak najmniejszym stopniu zdefektowania.
EN
This paper reviews the current state and future developments of melt-cast high explosives. First the compositions, properties and methods of preparation of trinitrotoluene based (TNT) conventional mixtures with aluminum, hexogen (RDX) or octogen (HMX) are described. In the newer, less sensitive explosive formulations, TNT is replaced with dinitroanisole (DNAN) and nitrotriazolone (NTO), nitroguanidine (NG) or ammonium perchlorate (AP) are the replacement for RDX and HMX. Plasticized wax or polymer-based binder systems for melt castable explosives are also included. Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HPTB) is the binder of choice, but polyethylene glycol, and polycaprolactone with energetic plasticizers are also used. The most advanced melt-cast explosives are compositions containing energetic thermoplastic elastomers and novel highly energetic compounds (including nitrogen rich molecules) in whose particles are nanosized and practically defect-less.
14
Content available Badanie wpływu skali eksperymentu na wyniki testu cylindrycznego
Trzciński W. A., Szczepanik M.
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
|
2014
|
Vol. 63, nr 1
193-204
PL
W pracy zbadano wpływ skali eksperymentu na wyniki testu cylindrycznego służącego do wyznaczania zdolności miotających materiałów wybuchowych. Do badań wytypowano materiały wybuchowe stosowane w amunicji (trotyl, heksogen) oraz materiały o przeznaczeniu cywilnym (amonale). Stosowano rurki miedziane o różnej średnicy i grubości ścianki. Wyciągnięto wnioski odnośnie do celowości zwiększania lub zmniejszania skali w teście cylindrycznym.
EN
In the work, influence of a scale of experiment on the results of cylindrical test used to determine the acceleration capabilities of explosives was analyzed. Explosives used in ammunition (TNT, hexogen) and explosives for civil purpose (ammonals) were selected for testing. Copper tubes with different diameters and wall thickness were used. Conclusions are drawn regarding the advisability of increasing or decreasing the scale of the cylinder test.
15
Content available Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of a Model Reactive Armour with Nitrocellulose and Cellulose Composites
Trzciński W. A., Cudziło S., Dyjak S., Szymańczyk L.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2013
|
Vol. 10, no. 2
191--207
EN
Monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose composites (NC-C) were obtained by cross-linking a mixture of nitrocellulose with cellulose using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). They were incorporated into a model reactive armour. An X-ray technique was used to examine the infuence of the cellulose content on the accelerating ability of the gaseous reaction products of the composites. The modifed Gurney model was used to simulate the process of driving steel plates in the reactive armour after jet impact. Formulae for the determination of the time-space characteristics of the plates’ movement were derived. The results of the X-ray recording of the plates driven by the explosion products of monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose composites (NC-C) were used for the verifcation of the model.
16
Content available Badanie reakcji materiałów wysokoenergetycznych na uderzenie strumienia kumulacyjnego
Trzciński W. A., Piergies J., Steckiewicz A.
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
|
2013
|
Vol. 62, nr 1
287-305
PL
W pracy zbadano reakcję materiałów wysokoenergetycznych zamkniętych w ciężkich otoczkach na uderzenie strumienia kumulacyjnego. Do badań wytypowano nieidealne materiały wybuchowe, trotyl oraz środki bojowe zabezpieczone przez policję. Scharakteryzowano strumień generowany przez zastosowane ładunki kumulacyjne. Materiały wybuchowe zamykano w rurach stalowych i ich reakcję oceniano na podstawie ilości i wielkości odłamków. Próby przeprowadzono na specjalnie przygotowanym stanowisku umożliwiającym odzyskanie odłamków. Środki bojowe testowano w warunkach poligonowych.
EN
In the paper, the reaction of energetic materials closed in heavy enclosures on jet impact was tested. Non-ideal explosives, TNT and munitions secured by the police were chosen for investigations. A cumulative jet generated by the applied shaped charges was characterized. Explosives were confined in steel tubes and their response was assessed by taking into account the number and size of fragments. Tests were carried out on a special set-up that allows for recovery of debris. Warfare agents were tested on the training range.
17
Content available Preparation and Characterization of Monolithic Nitrocellulose-Cellulose Composites
Cudziło S., Dyjak S., Trzciński W. A.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2012
|
Vol. 9, nr 2
139-146
EN
Monolithic nitrocellulose-cellulose composites were prepared by separately cross-linking the mixed precursors (NC + C) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The syntheses were optimised according to the component mass ratios, HDI, solvent and catalyst concentration. The concentrations of the reactants and cure catalyst are the most important factors. The general method of synthesis involved dissolving HDI and the catalyst in methylene chloride and then wetting an NC-C mixture with the solution. The resulting mixture was placed in a sealed box for cross-linking at room temperature. Finally the solvent was evaporated at ca. 40 C. The NC-C composites obtained were characterized using TG/DTA and sensitivity to friction and drop weight impact, and were used as energetic materials in reactive armour elements.
18
Content available Numerical Analysis of the Deflagration to Detonation Transition in Primary Explosives
Trzciński W. A.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2012
|
Vol. 9, nr 1
17-38
EN
Theoretical models proposed in the literature for the deflagration-to- detonation transition (DDT) in cast explosives are evaluated for primary explosives (complex compounds) in this work. The one-dimensional model of burning (deflagration), consistent with the classical Chapman-Jouguet theory and a model of burning under the conditions of zero mass velocity behind the flame front are presented, and the physical phenomena accompanying the accelerating wave of flame in solid explosives are described. The results of calculations taken from the literature are presented for the cast high explosive (pentolite). The model of acceleration of the deflagration wave was used to estimate the time and distance at which the process of burning leads to the emergence of a shock wave in primary explosives. The influence of burning rate and the physical properties of an explosive on the distance of deflagration to detonation transition is analysed.
19
Content available Modelling of the Synthesis of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE)
Trzciński W. A., Chyłek Z.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
|
2012
|
Vol. 9, nr 2
101-117
EN
In this work the conditions and kinetics of nitration of 2-methylpyrimidine- 4,6-dione (MPD), which leads to the formation of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE), are presented. An analysis of literature data enabled us to propose a model and a mathematical formulation of the synthesis of DADNE. The model was verified on the basis of literature data and our own experimental data. The influence of the addition time of nitric acid into a model reactor on temperature and composition of the reaction mixture was investigated. The proposed synthesis model could be useful in a study of the MPD nitration process on a large, laboratory scale.
20
Content available Topliwe mieszaniny wybuchowe z trinitrotoluenem i dinitroanizolem : porównanie właściwości
Cudziło S., Trzciński W. A., Dyjak S., Nita M.
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
|
2012
|
Vol. 61, nr 4
281-292
PL
Porównano wrażliwość na bodźce mechaniczne i termiczne oraz wyznaczono niektóre parametry detonacyjne 2,4-dinitroanizolu (DNAN) i 2,4,6-trinitrotoluenu (TNT). Przygotowano kompozycje zawierające DNAN lub TNT w roli składników topliwych oraz 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on (NTO) i heksogen (RDX). Przeprowadzono porównawczą analizę właściwości użytkowych tych kompozycji.
EN
Some sensitivity and performance characteristics for pure 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as well as for melt-pour composites containing DNAN or TNT with hexogen (RDX) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triasole-5-on (NTO) were determined (under the same conditions) and compared.
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