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1

The Influence of the Process Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties SLM Processed 316L Stainless Steel

Woźniak A., Adamiak M., Chladek G., Kasperski J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 1

73--80

EN

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a modern manufacturing method with many applications in medicine, aerospace and auto-motive industries. SLM processed materials are characterized by good dimensional accuracy and properties comparable or superior to materials obtained by traditional processing methods. In this paper an SLM process was used to obtain 316L stainless steel parts. This paper presents the microstructure, chemical and phase composition, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of 12 groups of tested samples, differentiated by the SLM processing parameters. Based on the investigation, it can be inferred that the selection of the appropriate SLM parameters is very important to determined final material properties. The samples producedwith the energy density E = 600 J/mm3 were observed to possess optimum properties - a homogeneous structure, density closest to the desired one, good wettability and pitting corrosion resistance.

2

Improvement of the Properties of Ti6Al7Nb Titanium Alloy in Terms of the Type of Surface Modification

Woźniak A., Bialas O., Adamiak M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 2

735--741

EN

The paper presents the influence of ZrO2 coating on Ti6Al7Nb titanium alloy depending on the method of deposition. The coatings were made by sol-gel method and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Wettability tests, pitting corrosion assessment and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out in the paper. Complementary macro- and microscopic observations, roughness analysis by profilometric method and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were made. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the type of method of depositing the layer on the surface of the material has a significant influence on its properties and that it should be taken into account during the process of the material improvement. Drawing on the findings presented, it can be inferred that roughness has a significant impact upon the surface wetttability of the tested surfaces and their related corrosion resistance. The obtainment of hydrophobic surfaces is for smaller rougidity values.

3

Evaluation of properties of anti-adhesive coatings on the surface of injection moulds made of Al alloys

Chałada Ł., Adamiak M., Woźniak A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 97, nr 1/2

5--11

EN

Purpose: The aim of the research was to determine the most favourable fluoropolymer coatings, deposited on the surface of aluminium moulds, which will be used to share improvements in automotive sectors. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents the results of the coatings thickness and surface roughness measurements, AFM analysis, contact angle measurements and surface free energy calculation, wear test and adhesion force measurement of three fluoropolymer coatings. Findings: On the basis of the investigation, it can be stated that the properties of the tested coating and their adhesion to the aluminium substrate are different. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the coating named Coat_134 was characterized by the optimum properties - well anti-adhesion properties and good mechanical properties. Research limitations/implications: Coating must be applied on the surface of injection tools, with complex shape and wide range of dimensions. Practical implications: Injection moulds for polyurethane foam, reduction of release agent consumption. Originality/value: The paper presents comparative research of fluoropolymer coatings in order to determinate adhesion to polyurethane foam with low density.

4

Własności i struktura nanokrystalicznych warstw napawanych w odniesieniu do wybranych materiałów konstrukcyjnych odpornych na zużycie ścierne

Górka J., Czupryński A., Adamiak M., Kopyść A.

Welding Technology Review

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2018

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R. 90, nr 9

19--23

PL

W pracy przedstawiono własności i strukturę warstw nanokrystalicznych wykonanych łukowo metodą MMA nanostopem na osnowie żelaza na podłożu ze stali S355N w porównaniu do wybranych materiałów konstrukcyjnych odpornych na ścieranie stosowanych obecnie w przemyśle. Uzyskane napoiny poddano badaniom metalograficznym makro i mikroskopowym, określono wielkość ziarna z wykorzystaniem dyfraktometru rentgenowskiego Xpert PRO X-rey. Oceny własności użytkowych uzyskanych warstw nanokrystalicznych w porównaniu do obecnie stosowanych materiałów dokonano w oparciu o pomiar twardości oraz badania zużycia ściernego typu metal-minerał. Wyniki własności eksploatacyjnych warstw odniesiono do własności stali HARDOX 400.

EN

The present paper is the result of the investigations of the properties and structure of nanocrystalline layers deposited from iron-based nanoalloy on steel S355N substrate by manual metal arc welding method (MMA) compared to selected abrasion-resistant construction materials currently used in industry. The resultant deposit welds were subjected to macro and microscopic metallographic examination. Working properties of obtained nanocrystalline deposits weld compared to currently used materials were evaluated based on the hardness, abrasive wear of metal-to-mineral. The results of deposits weld working properties measurements were compared with property of wear resistant steel HARDOX 400 type used as reference material.

5

Microstructure and properties of CoCr alloys used in prosthetics procedure

Ziębowicz A., Woźniak A., Ziębowicz B., Adamiak M., Boryło P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 89, nr 1

20--26

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was to define the influence of manufacturing technology on the chemical composition, surface topography, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of CoCr alloys obtained by casting technology and Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Design/methodology/approach: This work presents microstructural and chemical compositions obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Additionally, corrosion pitting analysis and roughness measurement were conducted on the samples. Findings: On the basis of the investigations, it can be stated that the prosthetic restorations are different depending on the type manufacturing technology. Based on the obtained results it was found that the structures of both materials are chemically inhomogeneous. The investigated alloy exhibited similar polarization curve character. Practical implications: The rapid prototyping methods are a new technology used for getting details e.g. by CAD/CAM procedure. Using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) method can simplify the technology of producing prosthetics restrictions and is an alternate way for standard casting technology. Originality/value: The paper presents comparative research of two Co-Cr alloys, from which the samples were obtained in conventional casting and DMLS technology.

6

Properties and Structure of Nanocrystalline Layers Obtained by Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMA)

Górka J., Czupryński A., Adamiak M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 3

1479--1484

EN

The present paper is the result of the investigations of the properties and structure of nanocrystalline layers deposited from iron-based nanoalloy on steel S355N substrate by manual metal arc welding method (MMA). In the process of welding a 100 A current intensity was used with desiccation preheating at 80°C while maintaining the interpass temperature at range of 200°C. The resultant deposit welds were subjected to macro and microscopic metallographic examination, X-ray phase analyses and crystallite size was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), additionally EDX chemical composition analysis of precipitates during scanning electron microscopy was performed. Working properties of the obtained nanocrystalline deposit welds were evaluated based on hardness and metal-to-mineral abrasive wear. The results of the deposit welds working properties measurements were compared with the properties of wear resistant steel HARDOX 400 type used as the reference material.

7

A Study of Susceptibility and Evaluation of Causes of Cracks Formation in Braze-Weld Filler Metal in Lap Joints Aluminum – Carbon Steel Made with Use of CMT Method and High Power Diode Laser

Adamiak M., Wyględacz B., Czupryński A., Górka J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 4

2113--2123

EN

In this article results of studies on cracks formation susceptibility in braze-welded joints of thin aluminum sheets and double-sided zinc galvanized steel sheets for car body parts made by laser brazing with high power diode laser ROFIN DL 020 and CMT MIG-brazing, with filler material in form of powder and wire accordingly, were presented. Optimal welding parameters were determined by visual acceptance criteria. On joints made with optimal parameters further examinations were carried. Results of macro- and microscopic metallographic examinations, structural roentgenography, EDS microanalysis and hardness tests were presented. Causes of brittle intermetallic Fe-Al phases formation in Al-matrix filler metal in dissimilar aluminum – zinc plated carbon steel joints were pointed.

8

Testing of flame sprayed Al2O3 matrix coatings containing TiO2

Czupryński A., Górka J., Adamiak M., Tomiczek B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 3

1363--1370

EN

The paper presents the results of the properties of flame sprayed ceramic coatings using oxide ceramic materials coating of a powdered aluininiuni oxide (Al2O3) matrix with 3% titanium oxide (TiO2) applied to unalloyed S235JR grade structural steel. A primer consisting of a metallic Ni-Al-Mo based powder has been applied to plates with dimensions of 5X200X300 mm and front surfaces of ø40x50 mm cylinders. Flame spraying of primer coating was made using a RotoTec 80 torch, and an external coating was made with a CastoDyn DS 8000 torch. Evaluation of the coating properties was conducted using metallographic testing, phase composition research, measurement of microhardness, substrate coating adhesion (acc. to EN 582:1996 standard), erosion wear resistance (acc. to ASTM G76-95 standard), and abrasive wear resistance (acc. to ASTM G65 standard) and thermal impact. The testing performed has demonstrated that flame spraying with 97% Al2O3 powder containing 3% TiO2 performed in a range of parameters allows for obtaining high-quality ceramic coatings with thickness up to ca. 500 μni on a steel base. Spray coating possesses a structure consisting mainly of aluminium oxide and a small amount of NiAl10O16 and NiAl32O49 phases. The bonding primer coat sprayed with the Ni-Al-Mo powder to the steel substrate and external coating sprayed with the 97%Al2O3 powder with 3% TiO2 addition demonstrates mechanical bonding characteristics. The coating is characterized by a high adhesion to the base amounting to 6.5 MPa. Average hardness of the external coating is ca. 780 HV. The obtained coatings are characterized by high erosion and abrasive wear resistance and the resistance to effects of cyclic thermal shock.

9

Joining of the AMC Composites Reinforced with Ti3Al Intermetallic Particles by Resistance Butt Welding

Adamiak M., Tomiczek B., Górka J., Czupryński A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 2A

847--852

EN

The introduction of new reinforcing materials continues to be investigated to improve the final behaviour of AMCs as well as to avoid some drawbacks of using ceramics as reinforcement. The present work investigates the structure, properties and ability of joining aluminium EN-AW 6061 matrix composite materials reinforced with Ti3Al particles by resistance butt welding as well as composite materials produced by mechanical milling, powder metallurgy and hot extrusion techniques. Mechanically milled and extruded composites show finer and better distribution of reinforcement particles, which leads to better mechanical properties of the obtained products. Finer microstructure improves mechanical properties of obtained composites. The hardness increases twice in the case of mechanically milled composites also, a higher reinforcement content results in higher particle dispersion hardening, for 15 wt.% of intermetallics reinforcement concentration composites reach about 400 MPa UTS. Investigation results of joints show that best hardness and tensile properties of joints can be achieved by altering soft conditions of butt welding process e.g. current flow time 1.2 s and current 1400 A. To improve mechanical properties of butt welding joints age hardening techniques can also be used.

10

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the annealed 6060 aluminium alloy processed by ECAP method

Karoń M., Kopyść A., Adamiak M., Konieczny J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 80, nr 1

31--36

EN

Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to present the investigation results of microstructural evolution and mechanical properties changes in commercial EN AW 6060) aluminium alloy after intensive plastic deformation, obtained by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) techniques in an annealed state. Design/methodology/approach: Annealing heat treatment was used to remove various types of internal stress in a commercially available alloy in order to increase workability of the material. The evolution of its properties and material behaviour was evaluated after 2,4,6,and 8 passes of the ECAP process. Findings: It was found that the mechanical properties and microstructure during intensive plastic deformation, such as that during the ECAP process, were changed. Plastic deformation refined grains in the aluminium alloy and increased its mechanical properties. Research limitations/implications: The presented study shows results of the investigated material in an annealed state. Practical implications: The applied processing route allows development of materials characterized by high strength and ultrafine grain microstructure compared to un-deformed annealed aluminium alloy. Originality/value: The work presents data about the influence of intensive plastic deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 6060 aluminium alloy after annealing.

11

Influence of inorganic additives on morphology of electrospun fibres

Dobrzański L. A., Adamiak M., Karoń M., Nieradka B.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 68, nr 2

64--71

EN

Purpose: This paper describes the effect of inorganic additives and operating parameters of an electrospinning process on electrospun fiber diameters and morphology. Design/methodology/approach: Application of different solvents and process parameters impact characteristics of the micro and nanofibers made of PEO and also PVA with CuOAc. Findings: The results show that the three parameters (volumetric charge density, distance from nozzle to collector, and viscosity) have the most significant effect on the electrospun fiber morphology. The nano- and microfibers produced were characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as with use of image analyzing tool DigitalMicrograph. Changes in length of stream and volatility of the solvent influence the shape of the fibres and internal solution load. The resulting fibre shape shows that for shorter distances the process was unstable, and the morphology of the filaments from a longer distance shows the gradual stabilization and indicates optimal process parameters. Practical implications: Based on the research carried out it is clear that micro and nanofiber characteristics vary widely depending on prepared solutions and process parameters. Originality/value: It was confirmed that inorganic additives, solvent type and process parameters have an effect on morphological aspects of produced micro and nanofibres.

12

Effect Of Milling Time On Microstructure Of AA6061 Composites Fabricated Via Mechanical Alloying

Tomiczek B., Pawlyta M., Adamiak M., Dobrzański L. A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 2A

789--793

EN

The aim of this work is to determine the effect of manufacturing conditions, especially milling time, on the microstructure and crystallite size of a newly developed nanostructural composite material with the aluminium alloy matrix reinforced with halloysite nanotubes. Halloysite, being a clayey mineral of volcanic origin, is characterized by high porosity and large specific surface area. Thus it can be used as an alternative reinforcement in metal matrix composite materials. In order to obtain this goal, composite powders with fine microstructures were fabricated using high-energy mechanical alloying, cold compacting and hot extrusion techniques. The obtained composite powders of aluminium alloy reinforced with 5, 10 and 15 wt% of halloysite nanotubes were characterized with SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. It has been proven that the use of mechanical alloying leads to a high degree of deformation, which, coupled with a decreased grain size below 100 nm and the dispersion of the refined reinforcing particles–reinforces the material very well.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie wpływu warunków wytwarzania, w szczególności czasu mielenia, na strukturę i wielkość krystalitów nowo opracowanych nanostrukturalnych materiałów kompozytowych o osnowie stopów aluminium wzmacnianych nanorurkami haloizytowymi. Haloizyt, będący minerałem ilastym pochodzenia wulkanicznego, charakteryzuje się dużą porowatością, dużą powierzchnią właściwą, i może stanowić alternatywne wzmocnienie metalowych materiałów kompozytowych. W tym celu przy użyciu wysokoenergetycznego mechanicznego stopowania w młynie kulowym wytworzono rozdrobnione i trwale połączone proszki kompozytowe, które następnie poddano zagęszczaniu na zimno i wyciskaniu na gorąco. Tak opracowane materiały kompozytowe o udziale masowym haloizytowego wzmocnienia 5, 10, 15% zbadano metodami skaningowej i transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej. Stwierdzono, że wywołane mechanicznym stopowaniem silne odkształcenie plastyczne i zmniejszenie rozmiaru ziarna poniżej 100 nm oraz dyspersja haloizytowych cząstek wzmacniających wpłynęła na znaczne umocnienie materiałów kompozytowych.

13

Regionalna sieć transportowa determinantą lokalizacji centrów logistycznych w województwie łódzkim

Napierała T., Adamiak M., Wiśniewska S.

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

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2013

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nr 9

14--16, 25--26

PL

Artykuł określa wpływ lokalizacji i znaczenia węzłów transportowych, przebiegu sieci drogowej na rozmieszczenie centrów logistycznych. Analiza oparta była na danych dotyczących istniejącej i aktualnie rozwijanej sieci drogowej o znaczeniu regionalnym, krajowym i międzynarodowym. Dzięki zrealizowanym badaniom możliwe było wskazanie, w jakim zakresie rzeczywiście uwzględniono wagę węzłów sieci transportowej oraz międzynarodową i lokalną politykę transportową w dotychczasowych decyzjach lokalizacyjnych. Pod względem metodycznym udało się wskazać lokalizacje optymalne. Przede wszystkim udało się jednak ocenić podjęte dotąd decyzje lokalizacyjne, w tym wskazać znaczenie różnych determinant owych decyzji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników autorzy sformułowali uniwersalne rekomendacje dotyczące rozwoju regionalnej sieci transportowej. Realizacja tematu wynikała z badań podjętych przez autorów na zlecenie Urzędu Miasta Łodzi. Badania dotyczyły charakterystyki i kierunków rozwoju intermodalnych centrów logistycznych w kontekście funkcjonowania Transeuropejskich Sieci Transportowych (TEN-T) w województwie łódzkim, a w szczególności w Łódzkim Obszarze Metropolitalnym.

EN

The main focus of the paper is to indicate the impact and significance of the location of transport hubs and road’s network for the location of logistics centres. The analysis was based on existing and constructed roads’ (regional, national and international level) data. Therefore, it was possible to determine the influence of the transport hubs, international and local transport policy on previous location decisions. Authors identified optimal locations of logistic centres in the Łódź region. Furthermore, authors assessed the location decisions and their determinants. Finally, universal recommendations for the development of the regional transport network have been formulated. This work was partially founded by the Municipality of Łódź. The study focused on the characteristics and trends of development of intermodal logistics centres in the context of the operation of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in the Łódź region, particularly in the Łódź Metropolitan Area.

14

Mechanically milled aluminium matrix composites reinforced with halloysite nanotubes

Dobrzański L.A., Tomiczek B., Adamiak M., Gołombek K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

|

Vol. 55, nr 2

654--660

EN

Purpose: The present work describes fabrication of aluminium AlMg1SiCu matrix composite materials reinforced with halloysite nanotubes by powder metallurgy techniques and hot extrusion. Design/methodology/approach: Mechanical milling, compacting and hot extrusion successively are considering as a method for manufacturing metal composite powders with a controlled fine microstructure and enhanced mechanical properties. It is possible by the repeated welding and fracturing of powders particles mixture in a highly energetic ball mill. Findings: The milling process has a huge influence on the properties of powder materials, changing the spherical morphology of as-received powder during milling process to flattened one due to particle deformation followed by welding and fracturing particles of deformed and hardened enough which allows to receive equiaxial particles morphology again. The investigation shows that so called brittle mineral particles yields to plastic deformation as good as ductile aluminium alloy particles. That indicates that the halloysite powder can play a role of the accelerator during mechanical milling. High energy ball milling as a method of mechanical milling improves the distribution of the halloysite reinforcing particles throughout the aluminium matrix, simultaneously reducing the size of particles. The apparent density changes versus milling time can be used to control the composite powders production by mechanical milling and the presence of halloysite reinforcements particles accelerates the mechanical milling process. Research limitations/implications: Contributes to knowledge about technology, structure and properties of aluminium alloy matrix composite material reinforced with mineral nanoparticles. Practical implications: Conducted research shows that applied technology allows obtaining very good microstructural characteristics. Originality/value: It has been confirmed that halloysite nanotubes can be applied as an effective reinforcement in the aluminium matrix composites. Deformation, grain size reduction and dispersion conduce to hardening of the composite powders. Mechanical milling cause a high degree of deformation, decrease the grain size even to nanoscale and create an enormously uniform distribution of reinforcing phases or oxides in the structure of the metal.

15

Evaluation of an AICrN coated FSW tool

Batalha G. F., Farias A., Magnabosco R, Delijaicov S., Adamiak M., Dobrzański L.A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 2

607--615

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the wear performance of a physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating on cemented carbide (WC) tool used in friction stir welding FSW processing of Ti alloy sheets. Design/methodology/approach: A coating of AlCrN material was applied to a WC tool in order to increase its wear resistance, thermal shock stability and hot hardness. In comparison to the conventional coatings, the AlCrN coating system had a higher resistance to abrasive wear as well as higher hot hardness and oxidation resistance. FSW processing of Ti with a coated WC tool was expected to have better performance than an uncoated tool. Back Scattering Electron (BSE) imaging mode at scanning electron microscope was used to determine the main mechanism of tool wear, which was found to be hot adhesion and inter-diffusion of tool constituents with the workpiece materials. Findings: The tool degradation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy in order to observe the main tool wear mechanism. The real contribution of the (Al,Cr)N coating layer could not be correctly evaluated, since there is no residual trace of its components at the worn tool. What was probably found left from the coating layer was the N component which formed the nitride TiN observed by EDS mapping. The parameter conditions were probably too severe, overcoming the layer limit strength. Research limitations/implications: The research were carried out as a preliminary evaluation and this initial results in the need of a further analysis that should be performed looking for a suitable tool material and coating optimization for the FSW processing of titanium alloys. Practical implications: Despite being successfully used in other manufacturing applications like machining operations in which friction and temperature are also high, the WC tool material and the coating had an unsatisfactory wear resistance, and the AlCrN coating was totally worn during the FSW processing. This suggests that new materials and coatings are still needed for FSW tools. Originality/value: FSW process is gaining importance as an industrial joining method, but the tool wear is still an important challenge to achieve efficient and economic operation. Because of the low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity of Ti, tools wear rapidly due to high temperature and strong adhesion. In order to achieve higher processing speeds, reducing heat at the interface tool/work material is required, as is the use of tool materials that have little or no chemical affinity.

16

The effect of TiAl and Ti3Al reinforcement on microstructure changes and properties of aluminium matrix composites

Adamiak M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 58, nr 2

55--79

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this monograph research is to present the results of the author’s own investigations concerning development and characterisation of the aluminium matrix composite’s reinforced with intermetallic particles being the outcome of the concept of merging the mechanical alloying with the powder metallurgy. As the result the nanostructured composites were fabricated with the exclusive mechanical properties as the result of fine microstructure. Design/methodology/approach: Powder metallurgy (PM) combined with (MA) offers innumerable advantages over casting metallurgy, making possible to improve the existing properties but also conferring new properties. Results presented in this paper were obtained in such processes. Experiment have been developed to improve the characteristics of aluminum matrix composites, because of produced fine and uniform dispersions of reinforcements particles. Final consolidation, shaping and forming have been done by hot extrusion. Testing of mechanical properties encompassed hardness testing, tensile as well as compression testing, and determining the sliding wear resistance. Detailed structural examinations have been carried out to determine the effect of mechanical alloying and reinforcing particles on microstructure changes and properties of investigated composites. Findings: Applying mechanical alloying route of composite powders production, makes it possible to obtain diminution of reinforcing particles size as well as homogenous reinforcement particles distribution. Extruded composites are characterized by a very homogeneous distribution of intermetallic particles and the absence of any reaction and with good cohesion at the matrix/particle interfaces. Observed changes in the microstructure, influence on the mechanical properties of obtained composite particles. Practical implications: Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles have already found several applications. However, they suffer from some drawbacks due to high abrasiveness and brittleness of ceramics. Lately, intermetallic particles have emerged as possible substitutes for ceramic reinforcements in aluminium alloys. Originality/value: Employment of the modern composite production techniques, and especially of the nanostructured one with emerging potetial of intermetallics as the reinforcing phases, makes it possible to obtain specific properties thus application. The paper presents extensive knowledge related to microstructure and effect of reinforcement on it.

17

Financing the development of tourism in the Łódź Voivodeship and Oppland county (Norway)

Adamiak M., Napierała T.

Acta Innovations

|

2012

|

no. 5

[1--19]

EN

In this paper, the authors determined the specific features of the construction of budgets in Poland and Norway and showed areas of tourism occurrence in the budget classifications of both countries. Then, thoroughly analysed the expenditures made by municipalities and counties of the Lodz region, booked in the financial accounts which content was strongly connected with tourism. Authors had focused on direct relationship, as well as indirect effects on the development of tourism through promotion, development of culture and sport. The obtained results were compared with corresponding values observed in the Norwegian county of Oppland and its municipalities. It should be emphasized that by completing the research project, authors gained knowledge to identify strengths and weaknesses of the of local budgets in Poland and Norway. Flexibility of classification and the high comparability of local government units\\\' budgets at all levels are the main advantages of Polish budgets. On the other hand, the precise description of budgets and high quality of official statistics are undoubtedly advantages of Norwegian local government budgets. The fact is that the resources available to the Norwegian local authorities, even after taking into account the difference between purchasing power of the Norwegian krone and Polish zloty, are objectively higher. It is worth noting that the amount of funds allocated to finance specific activities, such as those related to the development of tourism, cannot be equated with the efficiency of their spending. However this question was not the subject of research undertaken by the authors. Described research project gives the authors the ability to assess the position of tourism in the Polish and Norwegian budget classification. Although the Polish classification revealed a dedicated account that was directly connected with tourism, at the same time it was diagnosed to have minor importance in planning and constructing local budgets. Therefore, the problem with both Polish and Norwegian budgets is the lack of possibilities to perform simple estimations of the amount of resources assigned to the areas of tourism development. The authors suggest to perform a specific study within this range and develop a diagnosis of individual tasks financed by the government and determine the degree of their impact on the development of tourism in the municipalities or counties. Therefore they hope that this article will be a contribution to make further research on the importance of tourism in local government budgets.

18

Badanie odporności na zużycie ścierne wybranych materiałów konstrukcyjnych

Górka J., Adamiak M.

Spajanie Materiałów Konstrukcyjnych

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2011

|

Nr 1 (11)

34--38

PL

Aktualnym zagadnieniem naukowym, technicznym oraz ekonomicznym jest problem zużycia części maszyn spowodowany spadkiem właściwości użytkowych powierzchni roboczej. W większości przypadków mechanizmy zużycia są bardzo złożone, obejmują wiele wzajemnie powiązanych ze sobą czynników, których intensywność oddziaływania zależy od środowiska i warunków pracy. Z analizy przyczyn zużycia części maszyn wynika, że ok. 50% części ulega zużyciu ściernemu, 15% zużyciu adhezyjnemu, 8% erozji, 8% frettingowi, 5% zużyciu w wyniku korozji, a około 14% to łączne oddziaływanie zużycia ściernego, erozyjnego i korozyjnego.

19

Analiza struktury i składu chemicznego połączeń spawanych: płyta trudnościeralna - stal konstrukcyjna

Górka J., Adamiak M., Darda E.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2011

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R. 83, nr 7

31-35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę strukturalną i składu chemicznego połączenia spawanego płyty trudnościeralnej ze stalą konstrukcyjną S235JR wykonanego metodą MAG drutem litym G3Si1 o średnicy 1,2 mm w osłonie mieszanki aktywnej Arcal 21 (92% Ar + 8% CO2). Przeprowadzone badania wizualne i penetracyjne, badania metalograficzne: makro- i mikroskopowe oraz mikroanaliza rentgenowska składu chemicznego i rozkładu pierwiastków stopowych w obszarze spoiny pozwoliły na określenie zmian struktury i towarzyszących im zmian składu chemicznego zachodzących w poszczególnych obszarach złącza spawanego. Badania dowiodły, że w wyniku spawania dochodzi do stopienia materiału warstwy odpornej na zużycie ścierne i przejścia węglików do spoiny oraz częściowego niejednorodnego wymieszania spawanych materiałów, co powoduje wzrost twardości w tym obszarze do 600 HV i może być przyczyną powstania pęknięć od strony lica spoiny. Badania nie wykazały obecności pęknięć w obszarze grani spoiny. Analizując wyniki badań, należy stwierdzić, że wykonane złącze spawane spełnia wymogi eksploatacyjne stawiane połączeniom tego typu.

EN

The article analyzes the structural and chemical composition of the abrasive-resistant plates with structural steel S235JR welded joints made by MAG G3Si1 solid wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm in the shielding active gas Arcal 21 (92% Ar + 8% CO2). Visual and penetrant testing, metallographic examination: macro, micro and microscopic X-ray analysis of chemical composition and distribution of alloying elements in the weld area allowed us to identify structural changes and accompanying changes in chemical composition occurring in the various areas of the welded joints. Research shown that the abrasive-resistant layer is melted in the welding process. Moreover the carbide transition into the weld and the partial non-homogenous mixing of welded materials, which increases the hardness in this area up to 600 HV and may cause cracks on the face of the weld are obtained. The study does not reveal the cracks in the weld root. Analyzing the results of the study should be noted that the welded joint made meets the requirements of this type of connections.

20

Manufacturing of EN AW6061 matrix composites reinforced by halloysite nanotubes

Dobrzański L. A., Tomiczek B., Adamiak M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 49, nr 1

82--89

EN

Purpose: The core of the work consists in the elaboration of composite materials of aluminium alloy matrix, manufactured with the use of powder metallurgy technologies, including mechanical milling and hot extrusion and in determining the influence of the share of halloysite nanotubes - as the reinforcing phase on the structure and mechanical properties of fabricated composites. Design/methodology/approach: Mechanical milling and hot extrusion are considering as a method for fabricating composite metal powders with a controlled fine microstructure. It is possible by the repeated fracturing and re-welding of powders particles mixture in a highly energetic ball mill. Findings: It has been confirmed that halloysite nanotubes can be applied as a effective reinforcement in the aluminium matrix composites. High energy ball milling as a method of mechanical milling improves the distribution of the halloysite reinforcing particles throughout the aluminium matrix, simultaneously reducing the size of particles. Research limitations/implications: Contributes to research on structure and properties of aluminium alloy matrix composite material reinforced with mineral nanoparticles. Practical implications: The apparent density changes versus milling time can be used to control the composite powders production by mechanical milling and the presence of halloysite reinforcements particles accelerates the mechanical milling process. Conducted research shows that applied technology of composite materials production allows to obtain very good microstructural characteristics. Originality/value: The application of halloysite nanotubes as the reinforcing phase of metal composite materials is a novel assumption of the discussed work and an interesting challenge whereof realization would enable to use this mineral clay in an innovative and cost effective way.