Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wstępne wyniki badań oczyszczalni zagrodowej typu ORP

Paluch J., Paruch A., Pulikowski K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2006

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T. 6, z. 1

297-305

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań składu wód gruntowych pod oczyszczalnią glebowo-roślinną z płytkim, zasilanym okresowo, drenażem rozsączającym w fazie rozruchu technologicznego i w jej pobliżu. Stwierdzono brak negatywnego wpływu eksploatacji obiektu na skład wód gruntowych, mimo że zalegały one stosunkowo płytko. Nastąpiło znaczne zwiększenie przewodnictwa właściwego, co może być wynikiem zasilania warstwy wodonośnej mineralnymi formami zanieczyszczeń, np. siarczanami. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają celowość cyklicznego zasilania drenażu, co znacznie poprawia warunki tlenowe i umożliwia wysoki stopień oczyszczania ścieków, a tym samym zminimalizowanie zagrożenia dla wód gruntowych pod obiektem i w jego otoczeniu.

EN

This work presents the results of analyses of ground waters under and near the plant-soil sewage treatment facility with shallow, periodically fed infiltration drainage in its technological start phase. No negative influence was found of the object exploitation on the composition of ground waters though the latter were relatively shallow. Considerable increase of specific conductance found in waters could result from feeding the water-bearing layer with mineral pollutants like e.g. sulphates. Performed studies confirm the purposefulness of periodical drainage feeding which markedly improved aeration and enhanced the efficiency of sewage purification and thus minimized the risk for ground waters under and near the object.

2

Okres pojawiania się maksymalnych stężeń azotanów w wodach powierzchniowych

Pulikowski K., Paluch J., Paruch A., Kostrzewa S.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Nr 12

66-67

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Wpływ przepływu wody przez opóźniacze odpływu na nasyp drogowy w lesie

Paluch J., Palczyński M., Paruch A., Pulikowski K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 4-Ś

123--132

EN

Automatic and human-independent work of technical units is one of many ways to prevent water excesses and water deficits from happening in the catchment area. It is possible to extend of time to discharge temporary excessive waters in this way. Consequently the minimum flows can be enlarged and flood wave culmination will be reduced to protect from drough or flood spell. Authors of this paper suggest the solution which head towards time lag needed to discharge temporary excessive waters due to storms or thawing snow from watershed zooms in the catchment areas. As a result the water waves flow down from highest catchment area do not overlap within water flow slowly from lower parts of watercourse bed. Technical solutions they are devices constructed and called by authors "run-off delayers". The researches have been doing on them since 2000 in small forest catchment areas. Run-off delayers were built and tested at the intersections of forests roads and watercourses in two Public Forests Districts - Wołów and Milicz. In order to determine the impact of shortterm water damming by run-off delayer on road embankment stability were monitored: - surface water levels below and above road embankment, - groundwater levels in piezometers below and above road as well as in determined distance from road and watercourse bed, - times of filling and empting of reservoir by various diameter of inlets of run-off delayers as well as times of water perlocation trough road embankment, - difference of time reaction to rotation of surface water levels below run-off delayer and groundwater levels in various distance from watercourse bed on both sides of the road embankment, - long-term water keeping below run-off delayer as well as observation of possible exterior sings of water perlocations trough road embankments. In the vicinity of run-off delayers there were done field measurements of rotation of surface water and groundwater levels by means of limnographs, staff gauge, hydrological whistle and sensor called "Diver". The Diver from Van Essen Instruments is small instrument for automatic measurement and registration of water levels. There was founded by ZB-UiH "Euroeksbud" Enterprise at Kalisz. The programming and readout of Diver are executed by using the readout-unit and a PC with installed EnviroMon software. The readout data had been stored in computer and were exported via EnviroMon software package, directly to, for instance, a spreadsheet program. These data were compared to results of direct measurements done by means of hydrological whistle. The road embankment was built in October 2000 and water damming on this was since June 2001. So the road embankment was put to the "water test" in relatively short time after building. On both sides of this was kept 2 m difference of water levels for almost 4 months. What is important that the top of road embankment crown was not hardened and sealed. There was not stated district increase of water levels and flows during the week (13-20 July 2001) with almost continual precipitation which total amounted 110,4 mm as well as during 11 days - full precipitation cycle (15 - 25 July 2001) when total precipitation amounted 142 mm. At that time average intencity of water i.e. 75 dm3 x s-1 fell down on the catchment area. It was fewer water than during storm in August (414 dm3 x s-1). The water layer which overflowed trough the road embankment crown increased to 10 cm. Measurements and observations which have been done until now suggested that forest catchment area 0,5 km2 is not big enough to install the run-off delayers with they original structural parameters. Height of water damming and time of her keeping will be relatively short with reference to all river basin because of the run-off delayer causing a reduction of storm waters and thawing waters only from watershed zooms and not from a large catchment areas. The shape of area determined the impact of run-off delayer on roads and adjoining agricultural and forest lands. That is why each case should be considered individually taking nature, economic, farming effects into account. The bigger inclination of the area the smaller range of backwater there will be, but the impact of keeping water on the road embankment will be more clear. Consequently it is necessary to take note of strength of the road embankment. However the same effect of quantity is possible to get on the areas with a small inclination, but the height of overflow crown must be low over terrauin level or even beneath this level.

4

Skład fizyczno-chemiczny wody w małej zlewni leśnej na Dolnym Śląsku

Pulikowski K., Palczyński M., Paluch J., Paruch A.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 4-Ś

95--104

EN

Waters are this kind of environmental element, which is very susceptible to degradation and progressive development of human civilisation. The state of water pollution is a relative concept and require a point of reference. The best point of reference would be natural water, such which a composition does not change under influence of human activity. Maybe water in forest catchment areas could be a good point of reference, called "natural background", because of the fact that forest areas are treated as surroundings without anthropogenic changes. This paper describes a preliminary estimation of ground water composition in a small forest catchment area situated south-east of Milicz town, on the area of Landscape Park of Barycz Valley. The research involves exactly three catchment areas (Fig. 1): The first is a source area (F[I] = 0,230 km2), the second (F[II]=0,500 km2) include catchment area I. In cross-sections, which close both of the catchment areas (I and II), installations that delay and equalize the water run-offfrom catchment area were installed. The installations were called "run-off delayer". The third (F[III]=0,085 km2) is bordered on catchment area II and is useful for an estimation of water run-off equalization by means of using the run-off delayers. A hydrologic year described in this paper was classified as a wet year. Total annual precipitation amounted to as much as 778 mm, whereas multiannual total precipitation only 563 mm. By far the higher precipitation were noticed during the third quarter of 2001, e.g. in July was as much as 180 mm (Tab. 2). Also, mean annual air temperature (9,2 stopni C) was higher than mean multiannual and autumn-winter months (November, December, January) were definitely warmer (Tab. 3). The research involved a physical and chemical composition of groundwater and surface water. Groundwater was taken from two piezometer wells - P5, P6, and surface water from cross-sections, which close all catchment areas: I, II, II' (above run-off delayer a small reservoir has formed. It is filled up during high water stages, so above it water was also taken) and III. Depth to groundwater in the vicinity of piezometer P5 was between 108-136 cm, deeper than depth range 10-101 cm for piezometer P6. The pH scale of these tested waters ranged between 7,1 and 7,8 and was relatively stable regardless of sampling places (Tab. 4). This measured values are typical of most groundwater. A mean conductivity value of waters from both piezometers amounted to 278 miS x cm-1 for P5 and 415 miS X cm-1 for P6. This measured values vere relatively low and showed also a low concentration of mineral compounds. Values of oxygen demand indicators (BOD5, COD[Mn], COD[Cr] of water from P6 were higher than these values for water from P5, e.g.: a mean value of COD[Mn], amounted to only 4,4 mg O2xdm-3 in the water from P5 whereas value of it amounted to as much as 12,3 mg O2xdm-3 in the water from P6. A reason of such diversity could be a shallow groundwater in the vicinity of piezometer well P6 and direct contact with upper layer of forest soil, rrich in organic matter. In contrast to oxygen demand indicators, nitrogen concentration did not show such diversity between water samples from both piezometers. Concentration of mineral forms (ammonia and nitrate) was low. The measured concentrations were lower in comparison with values of this nitrogen forms in groundwater from lands for intensive agricultural activity or even in groundwater from tree-covered lands. Nitrogen in organic forms showed higher concentrations, which mean values in both cases amounted to 4,3 mg N[org] x dm-3. Phosphate concentrations was loww in the tested waters, but total phosphorus concentrations were higherr and amounted to 0,44 mg P x dm-3 in samples form P5 and 0,35 mg P x dm-3 in samples from P6. Concentration of alkali elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) was low, but concentration of them except for potassium was higher in samples from P6 in comparison with samples from P5. The tested water showed quite high concentrations of irron and manganese (such as most groundwater on the area of Poland). Values of them changed in a wide range of concentrations. The mean values of manganese concentration were higher in the groundwater from P6 however iron showed an opposite trend. In samples of the tested groundwaters concentration of chlorides and sulphates was also low. Surface waters on the researched object i.e. watercourses arre classified as very small due to low mean flows in the cross-sections. Catchment areas of these are 100% forested, i.e. mixed forest where broad-leaved trees predominate except for catchment area I where coniferous trees predominate. A pH reaction of these tested waters showed a big diversity from an acid reaction (3,7 - 4,8 pH), in higher part of catchment area - cross-section I, to an alkaline reaction in others cross-sections (Tab. 5). Also, the lower value of conductivity but with the higher mean value of total solids was measured in cross-section I. The values of these indices and observations were done during taking the samples (i.e. water was brownish in this cross-section) can suggest that results obtained from laboratory testes were an effect of a considerable concentration of organic acids in the tested waters. These waters contained a smallquantity of total suspended solids. What interested is that the mean value of this indicator in the water from cross-section II was the biggest (25,4 mg x dm-3) and in the water from cross-section II was the smallest (12,3 mg x dm-3). It can show a good impact of reservoir which has formed above run-off delayer. The tested waters revealed a very high degree of oxygen saturation, except for a mean value for the water from cross-section II. A reason of that it could have been deoxidation of water stored in the reservoir above run-off delayer II, in May when temperatures were relatively high. In that time the amount of dissolved oxygen in water from cross-section II was only 0,5 mg O2 x dm-3 whereas in other cross-section from 7,8 to 8,0 mg O2 x dm-3. Mean and even maximum values of oxygen demand indicators (BOD5, COD[Mn], COD[Cr]) of the tested waters were relatively low except for water from cross-section I. Values of this indicators decreased regularly along with watercourse run from coss-section I and II' to II due to water inflowing which was less polluted with organic matters. Nevertheless, values coming from cross-section II were higher than values for water from cross-section III - i.e. control catchment area which was not supplied water polluted with organic matters. The tested waters showed low contents of mineral forms of nitrogen (ammonia and nitrate). They were also higher in water from cross-section I. Because of the fact that values of organic nitrogen were relatively high, content of total nitrogen was also high and amounted from 5,5 to 8,1 mg N[tot] x dm3. Phosphate contents were low but phosphorus concentration is a major problem for watercourse flowing out of the catchment area. The concentration in the tested samples changed in a wide range of values. A mean phosphorus concentration was similar for all cross-sections and amounted from 0,40 to 0,47 mg P x dm-3. A maximum phosphorus concentration amounted from 0,80 mg P x dm-3 for the waters from cross-section III to 1,40 mg P x dm-3 for the waters from cross-section II. Test of individual values of phosphorus showed general trend which is proved by well-known tendency: minimum contents were during summer/autumn period and maximum contents were in winter. Concentration of alkali elements was relatively low in the tested surface waters and did not show direct tendency. Contents of sulphates and chlorides were also low and were not connected with sampling places. Waters in forest catchment areas can be a comparison background useful in estimation of water on areas of human activity due to a natural composition. The tested groundwaters were classified as very pure, although quite high concentrations of iron and manganese (what is typical for groundwater of Poland) as well as organic nitrogen and some values of BOD5, COD[Mn]. The main environmental factor determining a composition of surface waters in forest catchment areas is a content of organic acids in these waters. Waters without pollution of such acids are also very pure and can be a comparison level for estrimation of surrface waters pollution. The tested surface waters (from all cross-sections) contained higher concentrations of phosphorus in relation to values of this indicator in the classification of purity of surface inland waters in Poland, but they contained relatively low concentration of other indices. Such relation between phosphorus and other indices can mean that classification criteria for established values of phosphorus concentration are too strict.

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Rozwiązanie oczyszczania ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych z osad leśnych

Paruch A., Palczyński M., Paluch J., Pulikowski K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 4-Ś

113--122

EN

Domestic sewage discharged from individual houses on the forest area are collected usually into septic tanks. These tanks are made, mostly, of bricks or concrete elements, without seal of joints and bottom. As a result sewage leak out of these places into lower parts of soil profile. Consequently they are a potential threat of pollutants to soil and water. Local sewage pollutants, usually in the direct vincinity of houses, increase a range dynamically due to spreading pollutants with underground water. Solution to the foregoing trouble can be effective sewage treatment in the vicinity of source of sewage excluding: - ecological damages, - high capital-operating outlays, - problems of technical service of sewage treatment plant. It is possible to achieve mentioned above effects on the soil-vegetation treatment plant with PST (periodical subsurface trickling) system. This kind of sewage treatment plant is an innovation project, which is a modification of conventional leach line system. This project was made for a house in Jary Forestry situated in Oborniki Śląskie Forest Division. The detached house is inhabited by two families of forest workers (10 people), who produce about 1,5 m^3 x d^-1 sewage. Component elements of this kind of sewage treatment plant they are: - three-chamber septic tank (can be installed on the terrain or under it, it depends on individual projects of sewage system in houses or local terrain conditions), - the shallow subsurface pipe trickling system (PVC pipe Fi 100 mm) laid on the PVC foil mats with gravel filter in subsurface layer (depth 0,2-0,3 m) soil profile, - Vegetation (trees and shrubbery are recommended) growing on the area of sewage treatment plant, over pipe of PST system, at half-distance between adjoining pipes. Work of sewage treatment plant consist of sewage pre-treatment into the septic tank and then periodical trickling of these in the upper (subsurface) layer of soil on the area covered by trees and shrubbery. In the soil - the upper biological active layer of earth's crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living matter, there is biodegradation of organic pollutants from sewage and vegetation plays a major role in removing these pollutants from soil. As a result the soil-vegetation environment not only treat sevage, but it also use sewage components to build plant biomass. In the first phase of treatment process, sewage are collected in the tight, three-chamber septic tank, made of PVC polythene. There is preliminary decomposition and deactivation of sevage pollutants as well as sedimentation of sewage sludge. In the second phase of treatment process, sewage are overpumped into the pipe trickling system laid in the upper, subsurface layer of the soil. It occurs periodically, by means of automatic pump, which starts to work after filling the third chamber of septic tank. Time of the tank filling depends on total quantity of sewage inflow and it takes 10 days. Time for empting the tank is no longer than 2 hours. Periodical and also short-time flow of sewage through the pipe trickling system makes that it is possible to trickle of sewage evenly over the area of treatment plant, i.e. subsurface, biological active layer of soil. There, all of the organic matter from sewage is exposed to physical, biological and chemical processes, and also metabolic activity of soil microorganisms, which lead to mineralisation of sewage pollutants. Periodical inflow of sewage into the treatment plant creates, proper conditions for both oxygen and water in soil and consequently for proper process of biodegradation in soil environment. Periodical and also short-time flow of sewage through the pipe of PST system not only keeps clear space into the interior of pipes, but it also prevents perforated sections of pipes from silting and clogging up. PVC foil mats (laid under pipes - in the shallow trench 0,5 m in width, and raised to a height of 0,1 m and 0,5 m wide on both sides of trench) - fig. 1, fulfil two major function. The first is to protect the pipes from clogging with roots of vegetations from treatment plant. The second is ton keep and distribute sewage evenly (through gravel filter Fi>2 mm) in the shallow, subsurface layer of the soil profile. Moreover, they are also sealing against direct infiltration of sewage towards deeper parts of soil and underground waters. All PST system is ventilated by means of special "open valves". They are the originally author-design solution, which makes possible to work the treatment plant under unfavourable circumstances, i.e. periodical freezing of sewage into the interior of the pipes due to low temperatures. The "open valves" work automatically (like whole treatment plant) fulfil their double function as ventilation ducts - mostly or ducts for sewage irrigation on the surface area of treatment plant - temporally. Periodical subsurface trickling (PST) system is an innovative and competitive design solution in relation to domestic sewage treatment plants with conventional leach line system. First of all the innovations are: design and technical solutions of structural elements of the treatment plant, periodical sewage outflow from septic tank into the interior of pipes, shallow subsurface system of sewage trickling in the upper biological active layer of soil, and also using water-fertilizer potential of sewage for trees biomass thrive. However, the competitions are: low capital-operating outlays, high efficiency of sewage treatment process, work of treatment plant independently (free of any human intervention) only by sporadic control of automatic work of submerged pump in the third chamber of septic tank. Operation process of sewage treatment plant with PST system based on processes which occur in soil-plant environment and contributed to close matter circulation in nature. Most sewage pollutants are accumulated in the upper layer of soil profile and three is their mineralisation, saturation of soil sorption complex as well as the uptake (bioabsorption) by soil microorganisms, animals and plants. It means that the sewage matter transformation involves natural physical, chemical and biological processes in soil-vegetation environment. These processes are most effective in favourable air-water conditions in the soil. Moreover, air-water balance in the aeration zone of the soil profile contribute to effective bioabsorption by vegetation growing up on the surface area of the treatment plant, and thereby effective removal of sewage pollutants outside soil-water environment. Not only can be this kind of treatment plant useful for individual houses, e.g. forester's houses, but it also can be useful for psarts or whole housing estates situated on the areas excluded from planning strategy of sewerage systems. For the sake of nearly independent (free of any human intervention) of works of this treatment plant, it can be also a solution of sewage problem for parking areas, wayside hotels or inns situated in the forests but far away from built-up (urbanized) areas.

6

Hydrologiczne aspekty funkcjonowania opóźniaczy odpływu w małej zlewni leśnej

Palczyński M., Paluch J., Paruch A., Pulikowski K., Wojtowicz J.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 5-Ś

85--95

EN

A basic aim of actions, which have been undertaken in a research forest catchment area, was to slow down the water cycle and increase the area retention. There is assumption that they bring about a decrement of flow culmination of high waters and an increment of normal and low water flow. This is a way to equalization of water run-off, which is very important during water deficits of growing season. Within the scope of research done on the research catchment area two facilities, which was called by them author - J. Paluch a "run-off delayer" were installed. They operation based on a proper selection of inlet pipe for free flow of water in a specific volume, e.g.: a mean water flow enabled but bigger water flows kept until they reach an overflow crown, then overflow via the overflow crown and flow through a horizontal pipe (roat pipe culvert) in direction to lower parts of watercourse. In a sense the operation of run of-delayer can be comparable to the operation of dry storage reservoir with bottom outlet and tower overflow. Detailed descriptions of run off-delayers are available in a few reports [5, 6, 7, 8]. The researched object is located in the vicinity of Milicz town on the area of Landscape Park of Barycz Valley. The research has been done since January 2001. Except for two run-off delayers situated in the line of one watercourse also 4 water gauges, 4 limnographs and 6 piezometers were mounted (tab. 1). All of these facilities near these two run-off delayers as well as on an area so-called control catchment area - L 4 (free from run-off delayer) are installed. Meteorological conditions of hydrologic year are presented on Figure 2 and in Table 2. Total monthly precipitation during summer period was by far the higher than multiannual values. A range of a test of basic hydrological parameters was limited due to the values presented not including the whole hydrologic year. A course of changes of water stage recorded on water gauge 1, above run-off delayer 1, are presented on Figure 3. Larger runoff occurred after intensive precipitation in July 2001 brought about in a short time an accumulation of material layer about 20 cm thick. Fraction 0,5-0,1 mm there predominante due to being from 76% to 86% of sample masses. The next Figure (4) is about small reservoir which has been formed above lower run-off delayer II. Several diameters of inlet was replaced during research. Crosses on the X axis describe dates of diameters change. There is also a vertical line representing the height of overflow crown. The research also included water flow rate measurement on water gauge L 3, below the reservoir at run-off delayer II. A mean water flow in the research period amounted to about 0,01 m3/s. However, maximum value of July 20 (after precipitation 43 mm) amounted 1,85 m3/s (Figure 5). A rate of sedimentation and bank caving processes was by far the higher during high summer precipitation. That is way the run-off delayers was constructed based on both: an empirical formula which is recommended by the guidelines design for bridges and culverts [12] and Błaszczyks guidelines [1]. Because of subjective character of empirical formula, there is very often discrepancy between values calculated and those really measured [2]. Technical parameters of the run-off delayer was exaggerated on purpose. A proper size of diameter of the lower hole (the bottom outlet) there is especially important. The size was replaced due to determination of an optimal diameter. There used to be a few diameters: an initial 20 cm, then 5 cm and also 0 cm (completely closure). At present, there is a diameter of 8 cm used successfully. A proper selection of technical parameters for the run-off delayer, mounted in the small catchment areas without hydrological characteristic, is a problem which still need to be resolved. The other problem is a difficulty of exploitation, because of occurrence of the sedimentation process on a station of upper watercourse. Maximum water flow registered on cross section L 3 was almost 200 times as much as mean calculated value of water flow during the period of this research. Because of such difference between maximum and mean values of water flow into such small watercourse as researched one is, there are justified reasons for keeping high waters after precipitation, increasing the area retention and equalizing the water flow. Optimal using of resources of water from periodical excess is especially essential on the forest areas. There are opportunity to increase a natural water-control effect of forest by means of installations that delay the water run-off. A comparative analysis of selected limnograph readings from measurement points located in cross sections L1, L4 and L2, L3, follows that a clear difference occurred between times of rainfall raised-water stage and equalization this water which were recorded in cross sections L1, L4 and cross sections L2, L3. The foregoing differences were 2 to 4 hours earlier in cross sections L1, L4 than L2, L3. Although a comparison of limnograph readings from L1, L4 follows that time of beginning of rainfall raised-water stage was similar in both cases, the culmination (maximum stage) occurred even about 9 hours earlier in cross sections L4 than L1. In the other case, the culmination recorded in L4 occured also about 9 hours earlier than in cross sections L2, L3. At present, there is difficult to specify to what extent the time differences can follow from the operation of run off-delayers or from natural diversity between catchment areas and control-measurement cross sections, such as different size of catchment areas and natural slope of the lands. Not only is necessary to continue such research (which should take simultaneously both of scientific problems: environmental and technical) but also to receive results from a long time period and from a few researched objects as well as to make their wide, interdisciplinary interpretation.