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Earthworms (Lumbricidae) as bioindicators : the relationship between in-soil and in-tissue heavy metal content

Tischer S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 3

513-523

EN

The heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr) accumulation in earthworms was measured and evaluated on 84 differently managed and polluted sites (field, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, alluvial sites, mine spoil) together with selected soil properties, like pH and C[org]-contents. The uptake of heavy metals by the earthworms was correlated with in-soil metal amounts and it showed a considerable variation between land use types and the individual lumbricid species. An important positive correlation was determined between in-tissue contents of earthworms and in-soil contents for all studied heavy metals: Cd (R[^2] = 0.72), Cu (R[^2] = 0.65), Cr (R[^2] = 0.54), Pb (R[^2] = 0.51), Zn (R[^2] = 0.47), Ni (R[^2] = 0.45). Mostly Cd and Zn are accumulated by earthworms. The uptake of Cd and Zn by epigeic earthworms is stronger than by other endogeic and anecic species. The highest metal amounts of Cd were accumulated in the following species: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) (18 mg kg[^-1] dw) Lumbricus castaneus (Savigny) (17 mg kg[^-1] dw), Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny) (17 mg kg[^-1] dw), Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) (14 mg kg[^1] dw). The highest uptake of Zn was found for the species: L. castaneus (623 mg kg[^-1] dw), Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus) (433 mg kg[^-1] dw), A. caliginosa (416 mg kg[^-1] dw), and L. rubellus (339 mg kg[^-1] dw). The lowest contents of Cd (3 mg kg[^-1]dw) were calculated for Aporrectodea longa (Ude) and for Zn - Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny) (168 mg kg[^1-] dw). Transfer ratios (TR) (ratio of in-soil heavy metal content to the in-tissue metal content in earthworms) ranged for Cd - from 6 in alluvial forest sites to 64 in coniferous forest sites and for Zn - from 2 in alluvial grassland to 12 in coniferous forest. Cd and Zn are more strongly taken up by the epigeic species like Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny) (TR: Cd = 47, Zn = 8), L. rubellus (TR: Cd = 21, Zn = 5), and L. castaneus (TR: Cd = 12, Zn = 5) than by the other endogeic and anecic species, with TR values accounted from 9 to 21 for Cd and 2 to 5 for Zn, respectively. For risk assessment of habitats cadmium is the more important heavy metal due to its high transfer rates into the tissues of earthworms.

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Microbial parameters of soils contaminated with heavy metals : assessment for ecotoxicological monitoring

Tischer S., Tanneberg H., Guggenberger G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 3

471-479

EN

The aim of this work was to test the suitability of microbiological methods for the ecotoxicological evaluation on the example of soils of two sites (I and II) (more and less contaminated and situated in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). Contents of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu in soil ranged 787-210, 210-110, 8-1, 49-12, 130-17, and 161-70 mg kg[^-1], respectively being significantly higher in site I. The sites differ also in respect to pH (5.2-7.5), C[org] (5.66-8.27%) and type of soil. The parameters tested were following: substrate-induced respiration (SIR), activity of luminous bacteria, substrate utilization patterns on BIOLOG ECO-and GN-plates, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The respiratory coefficient Q[R], peak respiratory maximum and BIOLOG ECO-plates were suitable for an ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated soils. Q[R] values (> 0.3) and peak maximum values (> 40 h) indicated stress of soil microorganisms at the most heavy metal contaminated site (site I). PLFA analysis can be used to detect various environmental stresses in the soil. The trans/cis ratio of monosaturated fatty acids (> 0.1) and the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio were able to distinguish the stress conditions in soils connected with heavy metal contamination. With increasing heavy metal content in soils the PLFA pattern are changed directionally.

3

Lumbricidae communities in soil monitoring sites differently managed and polluted with heavy metals

Tischer S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

635-646

EN

Species composition, density and biomass of earthworms were studied on 84 differently managed and polluted sites (field, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, alluvial sites and mine spoil). All these sites are constantly monitored since a decade. In 13 sites amounts of heavy metals increased from: Cd - 3 to 6 mg kg[^-1], Zn - 303 to 606 mg kg[^-1], Pb - 95 to 317 mg kg[^-1], Ni - 31 to 55 mg kg[^-1], Cr - 58 to 80 mg kg[^-1], and Cu - 59 to 114 mg kg[^-1] soil, that is up to 2000, 880, 1090, 295, 320, and 520% higher, respectively, than in unpolluted field sites. Results show that metal pollution is not a dominating factor determining the species diversity and densities of earthworms. Remarkable differences in the distribution of ecological groups were found between biotope types. The endogeic species (Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny, Aporrectodea rosea Savigny, Allolobophora chlorotica Savigny, Octolasion cyaneum Savigny) dominate in field and grassland habitats. The anecic species (Lumbricus terrestris L., Aporrectodea longa Ude), however, appear mostly in grassland. Epigeic species (Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, Lumbricus castaneus Savigny, Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny) are found exclusively (in addition to the other two life forms) in grassland and the forest habitats. Differences in earthworm biomass between monitoring sites are not related to ecological risk assessment. These differences may be largely dependant on soil properties e.g. pH and organic matter. A matrix with the ecological requirements of earthworm species was developed.