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1
Content available Comparative analysis of selected aspects of the operation of commercial vehicles with conventional and electric drives
Romowicz Bartłomiej, Szkoda Maciej
Journal of civil engineering and transport
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2024
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Vol. 6, No 2
33--43
EN
In the face of growing air quality issues and increasing carbon dioxide emissions from the transport sector, there arises a necessity to limit the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere. National and European institutions are introducing stringent emission standards, forcing the transport industry to adapt and seek alternative sources of propulsion. The article analysed the impact of operating conventional and electric delivery vehicles in a courier company, taking into account their environmental impact and economic efficiency.
PL
W obliczu rosnących problemów z jakością powietrza i zwiększającej się emisji dwutlenku węgla z sektora transportu, pojawia się konieczność ograniczenia uwalniania szkodliwych substancji do atmosfery. Instytucje narodowe i europejskie wprowadzają rygorystyczne normy emisji, wymuszając na branży transportowej adaptację i poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł napędu. W artykule analizowano wpływ eksploatacji pojazdów dostawczych z napędem konwencjonalnym i elektrycznym w przedsiębiorstwie kurierskim, uwzględniając wpływ na środowisko i efektywność ekonomiczną. Porównanie wykazało, że choć pojazdy konwencjonalne są tańsze w zakupie, generują wyższe koszty serwisowe i eksploatacyjne, a także przyczyniają się do zanieczyszczenia powietrza. Pojazdy elektryczne, mimo wyższej ceny zakupu, oferują niższe koszty serwisowania i ładowania, a ich prosta konstrukcja minimalizuje ryzyko awarii. Korzystanie z odnawialnych źródeł energii i programu dofinansowania trwającego do 2025 roku „Mój elektryk”, mogą dalej zmniejszać koszty eksploatacji pojazdów elektrycznych. Biorąc pod uwagę korzyści wizerunkowe oraz przyszłe regulacje klimatyczne UE, pojazdy elektryczne stają się bardziej konkurencyjne i są preferowanym wyborem dla firm kurierskich dążących do zrównoważonego rozwoju i neutralności klimatycznej do 2050r.
2
Content available Analysis of the Impact of Selected Factors on Damage to Rolling Bearings of Rail Vehicle Wheelsets
Biel Paweł, Szkoda Maciej, Machno Magdalena
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
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2024
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Vol. 18, no 5
206--216
EN
This work attempts to demonstrate the root causes of failure of the bearing of rail vehicle wheel sets. The work presents the recommended methodology for analyzing damage to the bearing of rail vehicle wheel sets. It was important that the end result of the analyzes was to correctly identify the root cause of the bearing failure. The results of the failure analysis of selected bearings showed that the most probable causes of their failure were: irregularities during the maintenance phase (including failure to comply with inspection intervals), lack of sufficient supervision and/or failure to properly secure the bearing pressure cap mounting bolts, intrusion of external contaminants and/or contamination of the lubricant at the stage of installation and maintenance activities, electrical erosion. The above-mentioned possible causes of bearing damage provide important information that allows for better prevention of damage.
3
Content available Simulation method for measuring the impact energy of rail vehicles equipped with a soft absorber
Lisowska Aleksandra, Sanecki Henryk, Szkoda Maciej
Transport Problems
|
2023
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T. 18, z. 3
15--28
EN
This paper presents a simulation method for testing the energy absorbed by the absorption systems of rail vehicles equipped with a soft absorber. The method makes it possible to verify the actual behavior of the absorption system during the impact of two vehicles. The first part of this paper describes the structural elements of a railway vehicle performing the function of an energy absorber during an impact according to the EN 15227 standard. A soft absorber, the so-called honeycomb, is analyzed in detail. It is a multicellular structure often used in rail vehicles due to its properties of controlled deformation. The literature review describes the research conducted on this element. The analytical part of this paper describes a general mathematical model of a rail vehicle collision according to Scenario 1, in which the collided vehicles are of the same type, and Scenario 2 for vehicles of different types. A computational impact simulation for the two scenarios has been carried out using the specialist software Mathcad, and the results are presented in graphs. The paper ends with conclusions presenting the application possibilities of the developed tool.
4
Content available Hazard and risk analysis of railway vehicle control systems according to safety integrity levels
Kaczor Grzegorz, Szkoda Maciej, Machno Magdalena
Transport Problems
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2023
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T. 18, z. 1
179--192
EN
This article presents an approach to the verification of the safety integrity level (SIL) of rail vehicle subassemblies in accordance with the applicable railway standards PN-EN ISO 50126-1, PN-EN ISO 50126:2, and PN-EN ISO 50129. Particular attention has been given to the calculation procedure related to the determination of the tolerable hazard rate and tolerable functional failure rate indicators in a situation where various reliability indicators have been declared for components of rail vehicles, such as MTTFD or B10D. In this case, the verification of the safety integrity level using the above mentioned railway standards may be difficult, and it becomes necessary to use additional standards for safety systems based on electronic components. An example is the PN-EN ISO 13849-1:2006-01 standard, which contains a calculation method based on the transformation of the exponential model, which is useful for hazard and risk analyses of electronic systems containing components with different reliability indices. Another supplementary standard is the PN-EN 61025:2007 standard, which concerns fault tree analysis. Based on the above-mentioned standards, an algorithm was developed to verify the safety integrity level of the frequency converter control system. The obtained results allowed us to confirm the fulfillment of the functional safety requirements of the considered system.
5
Content available Examination of selected geometrical parameters of wheelsets of electric multiple unit
Grzywna Maciej, Szkoda Maciej
Transport Problems
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2022
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T. 17, z. 2
161--174
EN
The aim of the work is to investigate changes in the values of selected geometrical parameters of electric multiple unit (EMU) wheelsets as a function of mileage. Based on the conducted analysis of the literature, it was found that the problem of proper diagnostics and maintenance of wheelsets, as an element that directly affects the level of safety of railway vehicle traffic, is very up-to-date and justified. This work presents the characteristics of the geometrical parameters of the wheelset that were subjected to the tests. According to the terminology of EN 13715:2020-12, the geometrical parameters of the wheelset subjected to tests were characterized. As part of the research work, data from measurements of the values of the main geometrical parameters of the outer contour of the wheelsets were collected and systematized from 204 measurement sheets of vehicles. Data were collected from specially developed registers and databases. The research and analyses confirm the existence of a correlation between changes in the values of diagnostic characteristics of flange thickness and height and flange steepness as a function of kilometrage. The intensity of wheel rim wear changes depending on the conditions under which the vehicle is operated. The wheelsets’ diagnostic characteristics were not fully predictable, which makes it difficult to forecast their future values. Based on the obtained results, actions that increase the durability of the wheels were proposed. For example, it is reasonable to assign vehicles to different routes so that the wheel rims wear evenly, eliminating the need for the subsequent accumulation of repairs and wheelset replacements before repair at the P4 level. Moreover, it is advisable to undertake work on the change of identification of basic individual primary characteristics of the wheel’s external contour into primary characteristics of a collective nature. As a result of such action, it is possible o indicate the probability of occurrence of non-uniformity of values of diagnostic characteristics on the wheel circumference could be limited and the phenomenon of occurrence of measurement errors could be minimized.
6
Content available Assessment of the influence of preventive maintenance on the reliability and availability indexes of diesel locomotives
Szkoda Maciej, Kaczor Grzegorz, Pilch Robert, Smolnik Maksymilian, Konieczek Zbigniew
Transport Problems
|
2021
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T. 16, z. 1
5--18
EN
The article investigates the influence of preventive maintenance on the reliability and availability indexes of the railway means of transport, which also determine the economic aspects of their operation and maintenance. The research was done using the method based on fault tree analysis (FTA) and Monte Carlo simulation. The authors performed a cause and effect analysis of the occurrence of undesirable events during the operation of selected vehicles. They identified the weakest components of the rail vehicle that affect the downtime and mean availability most significantly. Specialized software including Weibull++, BlockSim, and MiniTab aided calculations were used to illustrate the application of the results of a modernization project involving a 6Dg diesel locomotive, carried out in cooperation with the biggest Polish rail carrier. The applicability of the proposed tools has been verified on the example of a selected sample of 75 diesel locomotives employing data on their use and maintenance acquired in the real operation process. The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach can be particularly useful in practice when assessing the applied rail vehicle maintenance strategy, and while developing new strategies and selecting the best one to implement.
7
Content available Application of the FMEA method for the risk assessment in raliway transport according to the requirements of PN-EN IEC 60812:2018-12 standard
Szkoda Maciej, Kaczor Grzegorz
Journal of KONBiN
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2020
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Vol. 50, iss. 2
1--17
EN
The paper presents the procedure of performing the safety assessment using the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) method, according to the latest version of the PN-EN IEC 60812:2018 standard. The attention was paid to the application of the method for the assemblies and subassemblies of rail vehicles, for which it is increasingly used. The example used in the following paper refers to the fire protection system of a rail vehicle that meets the requirements of the PN-EN IEC 60812:2018 standard. Performing the risk assessment at the design stage of railway products is a part of the customer’s requirements and is a key factor in the certification and placing them in service.
PL
W artykule opisano procedurę postępowania podczas oceny ryzyka z zastosowaniem analizy przyczyn i skutków uszkodzeń FMEA, zgodnie z najnowszym wydaniem normy PN-EN IEC 60812:2018. W pracy zwrócono uwagę na zastosowanie analizy dla zespołów i podzespołów pojazdów szynowych, w przypadku których jest ona coraz częściej wykorzystywana. Przykład zastosowania metody FMEA przedstawiono dla systemu kontroli i ograniczenia rozprzestrzeniania się pożaru pojazdu szynowego, spełniającego wymagania normy PN-EN IEC 60812:2018. Wykonywanie oceny ryzyka na etapie projektowania podzespołów pojazdów kolejowych jest kluczowym czynnikiem w procesie certyfikacji i wprowadzenia do eksploatacji.
8
Content available Effectiveness assessment of diesel locomotives operation with the use of mobile maintenance points
Szkoda Maciej, Satora Magdalena, Konieczek Zbigniew
Archives of Transport
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2020
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Vol. 54, iss. 2
7--19
EN
Based on the example of 6Dg type diesel locomotives, the paper presents a new maintenance strategy concerning periodical checks at the P1 maintenance level. Currently, such locomotives are sent off to service points every 102 hours of operation or every 14 days for a P1 level check. Studies demonstrate that the average distance to be covered by a locomotive to arrive at a service point is in excess of 60.0 km, and the quantity of fuel consumed is more than 88 litres. It is costly and time consuming to have locomotives out of service and considerable resources of the railway carrier are engaged which could be made use of in the transport process. The aim of the newly developed strategy of P1 checks is to eliminate the need for locomotives to exit their routes to reach rolling stock maintenance points. The control/diagnostic and maintenance activities specified in the Maintenance System Documentation will be performed by socalled mobile maintenance points. The development of the new strategy required: identification of the current condition of the maintenance system, development of the concept of a new strategy of P1 maintenance checks, conduct of studies and operational analyses for SM42 series locomotives, performance of a durability, reliability analysis, assessment of safety together with an analysis of the risks involved in the proposed changes. In order to review and assess the efficiency of the new strategy, an observed operation of selected locomotives was conducted together with a railway carrier. During the study, the maintenance activities and processes were monitored and the costs of P1 checks were recorded. The analysis of efficiency of the new strategy of performing P1 checks without the need for a locomotive to exit its route to reach a rolling stock maintenance point demonstrated that depending on the distance covered by the locomotive to reach a maintenance point, the unit costs of a P1 level check are lower by up to 67.1% compared with the currently applied method.
9
Content available remote The application of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) for the risk assessment of changes in the maintenance system of railway vehicles
Szkoda Maciej, Satora Magdalena
Technical Transactions
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2019
|
Vol. 116, iss. 8
159--171
EN
This paper presents the application of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) for the risk assessment of changes in the maintenance system of railway vehicles based on the example of the 6Dg type shunting locomotive. The application example is preceded with an introduction to the methodological basis of FMEA, which is specified in literature and standards. In order to ensure the comparability of the analysis results with vehicles of a similar type and to quantify the risk components (the probability of hazard occurrence, the consequences of the occurrence of a hazard and the possibilities of hazard detection) the classification which applies to shunting locomotives was used. Based on the conducted analysis, the possibility to make changes to the maintenance plan for 6Dg locomotives which would not be in breach of the acceptable safety level was demonstrated and preventive safety measures were determined.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie analizy przyczyn i skutków uszkodzeń (FMEA) do oceny ryzyka zmian w systemie utrzymania kolejowych środków transportu na przykładzie lokomotywy manewrowej typu 6Dg. Przykład aplikacyjny poprzedzono wprowadzeniem do podstaw metodycznych analiz FMEA, które są precyzowane w licznej literaturze i normach. W celu zapewnienia porównywalności wyników analizy z pojazdami podobnego typu do kwantyfikacji składowych ryzyka: prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia zagrożenia, skutków zagrożenia i możliwości wykrycia zagrożenia, zastosowano klasyfikację odnoszącą się do lokomotyw manewrowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wykazano możliwość wprowadzenia zmian w planie utrzymania lokomotyw, jak również określono prewencyjne środki bezpieczeństwa.
10
Content available remote The problem of reliability allocation in the subassemblies of rail vehicles
Szkoda Maciej, Kaczor Grzegorz, Satora Magdalena
Journal of KONBiN
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2019
|
Vol. 49, iss. 2
199--218
EN
The following paper concerns an application of reliability allocation as a method for achieving the desired level of reliability for a selected subassembly of a type 6Dg diesel locomotive. On the basis of real operational data for the investigated vehicle, a decision model was developed to solve the allocation problem. It was demonstrated that the locomotive’s reliability may be improved by replacing the individual components in the braking and pneumatic system with components of higher reliability or by using additional equivalent parallel components in the reliability-wise configuration.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest zastosowanie alokacji niezawodności jako metody umożliwiającej osiągnięcie wymaganego poziomu niezawodności wybranego podzespołu pojazdu szynowego. Na podstawie rzeczywistych danych eksploatacyjnych zgromadzonych dla lokomotywy spalinowej typu 6Dg opracowano model decyzyjny do rozwiązania zagadnienia alokacji. Wykazano, że zwiększenie niezawodności układu hamulcowego i pneumatycznego może nastąpić poprzez zastąpienie poszczególnych elementów o wyższej niezawodności lub poprzez zastosowanie dodatkowych elementów rezerwowych w strukturze tego układu.
11
Content available remote Methodology of building the strategy of maintenance of rail vehicles with the use of the RAMS analysis in the area of safety
Szkoda Maciej, Kaczor Grzegorz, Satora Magdalena
Journal of KONBiN
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2019
|
Vol. 49, iss. 2
219--244
EN
The paper discusses one of the most important stages in the developed methodology for building a strategy of maintenance of railway vehicles, which is the RAMS analysis (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) in the area of safety. The paper presents the application of RAMS analysis in the construction process (development or change) of the maintenance strategy on the example of a 6Dg diesel locomotive. Based on the conducted research, it was found that this analysis enables proper classification of hazards, quantification of the frequency of occurrence of hazards and the adoption of the appropriate criteria for risk assessment of the created strategy.
PL
W pracy omówiono jeden z najistotniejszych etapów w opracowanej metodyce budowy strategii utrzymania kolejowych środków transportu jakim jest analiza RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) w obszarze bezpieczeństwa. W pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie analizy RAMS w procesie budowy (opracowania lub zmiany) strategii utrzymania na przykładzie lokomotywy spalinowej typu 6Dg. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że analiza ta umożliwia właściwą klasyfikację zagrożeń, kwantyfikację częstości wystąpienia zagrożeń, a także przyjęcie właściwych kryteriów w ocenie ryzyka budowanej strategii.
12
Content available Zapewnienie jakości i bezpieczeństwa produktów żywnościowych w transporcie drogowym
Satora Magdalena, Szkoda Maciej
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
|
2019
|
R. 20, nr 6
86--92
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę zapewnienia jakości i bezpieczeństwa produktów żywnościowych w transporcie drogowym. W artykule omówiono wybrane akty prawne odnoszące się do transportu drogowego żywności, do których należą międzynarodowa umowa dotycząca transportu szybko psujących się artykułów żywnościowych (ATP) oraz system kierowania bezpieczeństwem podczas transportu żywności (HACCP). Zaprezentowano ogólną charakterystykę całego procesu transportowania produktów spożywczych oraz omówiono pojazdy dostosowane do jego realizacji. Następnie opis ano naczepy chłodnicze, a także przedstawiono wymagania, co do temperatur i pojazdów, w których odbywa się cały proces dostaw towarów żywnościowych. Dokonano również analizy danych statystycznych dotyczących przewozu produktów żywnościowych w Polsce w latach 2008-2016.
EN
The article presents the issues of ensuring the quality and safety of food products in road transport. The article discusses selected legal acts related to road transport of food, including the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage (ATP) and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points System (HACCP). The general characteristics of the entire process of transporting food products were presented and vehicles adapted to carry it out were discussed. Next, refrigerated semitrailers were described, as well as requirements for temperatures and vehicles in which the entire food supply process takes place. An analysis of statistical data on the transport of food products in Poland in the years 2008 -2016 was also carried out.
13
Content available Analiza stanu aktualnego pasażerskich przewozów kolejowych w województwie podkarpackim
Węgrzyn Mateusz, Szkoda Maciej
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
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2019
|
R. 20, nr 6
343--348
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę stanu aktualnego pasażerskich przewozów kolejowych o charakterze regionalnym świadczonych na obszarze województwa podkarpackiego. Dokonano analizy obecnie świadczonych usług przewozowych, obecnego stanu technicznego infrastruktury kolejowej oraz charakterystyki eksploatowanego taboru.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the analysis of the current state of regional rail passenger transport services provided in the Podkarpackie voivodeship. An analysis was made of the transport services currently provided, the current technical condition of the railway infrastructure and the characteristics of the rolling stock in service.
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