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Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Chromium and Salinity on Chlorella vulgaris

Maysitha Aliyah Devi, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman, Wardhani Widhowati Kesoema, Dienullah R Mohammad Alghaf

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

130--140

EN

Heavy metal pollution, particularly chromium (VI) contamination, is a significant issue in Indonesian waters due to numerous chromium-producing industries. Research conducted in the downstream waters of Wonorejo found Cr(VI) levels ranging from 0.0025 to 0.018 mg/L, exceeding Indonesia’s quality standard of 0.002 mg/L. Thus, it is crucial to treat industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI) before disposal into water bodies. One alternative for treating Cr(VI) waste is using biological agents like microalgae. Chlorella sp. was chosen for this study due to its abundance in Indonesian waters. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chlorella vulgaris against Cr(VI) and salinity variations. The research involved propagating the microalgae to analyze growth rates and conducting MIC tests against salinity for 14 days with variations of 0, 20, 30, and 40 ppt. MIC tests against Cr(VI) were then performed using the optimal salinity (20 ppt) with variations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L. Results showed that C. vulgaris can thrive in salinities up to 40 ppt, with the optimal salinity being 20 ppt. The optimal Cr(VI) concentration for growth was 5 mg/L, resulting in a growth rate of 1.17 cells/mL/day. Based on statistical analysis only concentration of Cr(VI) that affected C. vulgaris cell density and not the salinity.

2

Analysis of the Phytoremediation Dynamic System of Lead in Mangrove Plants at the Wonorejo River Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

Sait Yohanna Camelia Bengan, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

225--236

EN

Lead (Pb) is a non-essential heavy metal found as an inorganic pollutant in the water, sediment, and mangrove plant tissue in Wonorejo River Estuary. Several studies showed that its concentration exceeds the quality standard stipulated in the Indonesian Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 and the EPA sediment quality. Moreover, the phytoremediation of Pb through mangroves Avicennia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina at Wonorejo River Estuary was investigated. It was discovered that the environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity as well as bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values are different for each species. The dynamics of the Pb phytoremediation system were also modeled using Vensim PLE x64 software to determine the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, BOD and COD, as well as Pb concentration on the ability of mangroves to accumulate and translocate Pb. The results showed that a behavioral mechanism pattern was formed based on the relationship between the environmental factors, Pb concentration, and the phytoremediation ability of the mangroves with time. This pattern affected the root and leaf BCF values of each mangrove. Furthermore, the validation test showed that the model is structurally valid and has MAPE values for the Pb phytoremediation model with S. caseolaris and R. stylosa having <30% while Avicennia marina and A. alba had <50%. Therefore, the model was categorized as fairly good with a valid forecast. The system dynamics predicted that the highest concentrations of Pb in water, roots, and stems in 2041 were in R. stylose at 1,329,110 mg/L, 2,054,110 mg/kg, and 3,393,950 mg/kg, respectively. The highest accumulation value in plant tissue was dominated by mangrove species of R. stylose. In conclusion, the environmental parameter values at habitat of R. stylose were in good condition for the growth of the mangroves compared with other species of mangrove.

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The Ability of Mangrove Plant on Lead Phytoremediation at Wonorejo Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

Luthansa Uridna Marwah, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

253--268

EN

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal often discovered to be polluting the water areas. One of the efforts made to overcome the heavy metal pollution in estuaries was phytoremediation technique using mangroves. The Wonorejo River was one of the rivers that received industrial waste loads. There were various types of mangrove plant species at the estuary of the Wonorejo River. The location of this research was divided into 3 monitoring stations (A, B, C). Station A was directly adjacent to the estuary, as location C was farther away and very close to the sea. However, station B was located between location A and B. This study aimed to determine the ability of mangrove in remediating and illustrating the distribution of Pb, at the Wonorejo River estuary. Moreover, it also aimed to determine the values of Bioconcentration (BCF) and Translocation (TF) Factors in the ability of Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia lanata, and Rhizophora stylosa to accumulate Pb. The samples were the roots, stems, and leaves of mangroves, with the water and sediment at the Wonorejo estuary, as all solid materials were also extracted. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentration, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest average Pb concentration for waters and sediments was obtained at station C and A, with values of 0.069 mg/L and 4.22 mg/kg, respectively. It was further observed that the Pb concentration in the water was lower than in sediment, indicating that the metal was accumulated in the sediments. On the basis of the BCF value, the most effective mangrove involved in the accumulation of Pb was A. alba. The highest values of TF for both root to stems and to leaves in the accumulation of Pb was also discovered in A. lanata and A. alba mangroves, respectively. On the basis of the Pb distribution mapping, the concentration of the metal was shown to increased, as the research location moved further away from the estuary. Conclusively, each type of mangrove had different ability to accumulate and translocate Pb in its body, with the potential of using those plants as phytoremediaton agents for the metal.

4

Biodegradation of Crude Oil Spill Using Bacillus Subtilis and Pseudomonas Putida in Sequencing Method

Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman, Purwanti Ipung Fitri, Wardhani Widhowati Kesoema

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

157--167

EN

Crude oil, otherwise called petroleum, occurs naturally as a complex organic mixture underneath the subsurface. The activities related to its exploration, production, refining, storage and distribution are mostly accompanied with extreme pollution and other hazardous conditions. For these reasons, the need to critically devise the best possible solutions becomes paramount, particularly as regards oil spills. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the efficiency of TPH removal in crude oil using Bacillus Subtilis and Pseudomonas Putida. The sequencing method was applied in a laboratory scale and under artificial seawater media conditions. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) serves as a significant parameter in detecting crude oil, although the extraction and analysis were conducted with the use of a separator funnel and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. In addition, the simulated seawater media was described as the mineral salt medium (MSM), with 33% salinity. Moreover, five reactors were also employed, including K for control, B for B. subtilis, P for P. putida, BP for B. subtilis and P. putida sequence and PB for P. putida and B. subtilis sequence. The entire treatments obtained the access to two replicate reactors. Furthermore, the bacteria inoculum and crude oil concentration in each unit were estimated at 5% and 10% (v/v), respectively. The results achieved the maximum TPH removal at 66.29% in the PB reactor after 35 days. On the basis of ANOVA reports, no significant variation was observed between the sequential additions of a single bacterial treatment and consortium microbes. In summary, two bacterial species demonstrated high potential to degrade TPH, but predicted an increase in the break down time, as the nutrient or oxygen tends to accelerate the process.

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Reduction of Microalgae by Copper Ion in Impressed Current Anti Fouling System for Biofouling Prevention in Saline Environment

Pratikno Herman, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Handayanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

80--87

EN

The biofouling causes corrosion in marine environment, also known as the biological corrosion. The biological corrosion occurs in the metal material on coastal buildings, offshore buildings, port buildings and shipboard. One method to prevent the biological corrosion is ICAF (Impressed Current Anti-Fouling). The study on the microalgae that cause biofouling was conducted in laboratory scale using a simple ICAF system. The variables were the operating time of the simple ICAF system, the strength of the electric current and the species of microalgae. The determination of cell number of microalgae was conducted using a Neubauer improved Hemocytomete method, while determination of the concentration of Cu ion was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the research was to determine of microalgae, Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp, population reduction using ICAF system. On the basis of the results, the highest population reduction occurred in Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp reaching 77.5% and 50%, respectively. The highest concentration of Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system reached 4.08 ± mg/L. In conclusion, ion Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system can reduce the cell number of Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp.

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Preliminary Phytotoxicity Test on Salinity Against Mangrove Plants of Rhizophora mucronata

Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Purwanti Ipung Fitri, Pratikno Herman, Chimayati Rachmi Layina, Handayanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

126--134

EN

The phytotechnology concept that is applied for a bio-desalination reactor become a new desalination technology. The desalination technology can be called as bio-desalination technology to remove ions of Na+ and Cl- in brackish or saline water using mangrove plant. Before the mangrove plants were used in bio-desalination technology, the preliminary phytotoxicity test was conducted. The purpose was to determine the salinity concentration at which the mangrove species of Rhizophora mucronata can survive. The preliminary phytotoxicty test was carried out using a plastic reactor that was designed as a reed bed system. The reactors filled with gravel, sand, and artificial saline water. The variation of the NaCl concentrations were 0 mg/L as control, 10,000; 20,000; 30,000; 40,000, and 50,000 mg/L. The physical observation of the survival condition of Rhizophora mucronata was carried out during the preliminary test for 7 days. The analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on Rhizophora mucronata was conducted at the end of exposure. The results showed that Rhizophora mucronata could not survive at the concentrations of 40,000 and 50,000 mg/L. Rhizophora mucronata changed the color of the leaves to brown and the stems become softer. Multiple cell damage and the decreasing trend of sodium and chloride amounts occured on roots and stems at the salinity concentration of 50,000 mg/L. In conclusion, the high of salinity concentration (> 30,000 mg/L) can be toxic to Rhizophora mucronata.