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1

Changes in the benthic fauna composition in the Upper Vistula over the last 50 years : the consequences of the water pollution reduction and alien species invasion

Dumnicka E., Konopacka A., Żurek R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

303--312

EN

The organic pollution of the Upper Vistula waters has been significantly reduced since the mid-20th century. Also salinity has gradually decreased, following an increase observed until the 1990s. Furthermore, the number of alien species has systematically increased. The above-mentioned changes have affected the richness and composition of the benthic fauna. They are particularly remarkable in the river stretch between the town of Oświęcim and the city of Kraków. The improvement of water quality has resulted in the increased number of taxa, mainly those characteristic of moderately polluted water, and the disappearance of taxa typical of strongly polluted or deoxygenated water. Despite the increased salinity level persisting for many years, only three benthic species of brackish waters (Gammarus tigrinus, Paranais frici and P. litoralis) were found in the Upper Vistula. Taxa considered to be euryhaline or halophilous were more numerous. In the 1960s, only one alien species (Physa acuta) was found, but the increased number of non-indigenous species in the last decades is visible, particularly among gammarid crustaceans (Amphipoda, Gammaroidea). The presence of alien species has not caused any visible changes in the species abundance of oligochaetes and mollusks.

2

Pływające plaże czyli proekologiczna rekultywacja żwirowni

Żurek R., Ciężak K., Gałosz W.

Surowce i Maszyny Budowlane

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2017

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nr 6

8--14

PL

Projekt rekultywacji obszaru „Zakole B” w gminie Zator, gdzie wydobycie zakończyły Krakowskie Zakłady Eksploatacji Kruszywa SA, może stać się modelowym przykładem zagospodarowania terenów poeksploatacyjnych w dolinach rzecznych.

3

By krakowiak mógł pić z kranu

Żurek R.

Kierunek Wod-Kan

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2017

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Nr 4

8--14

PL

Przyrządy analityczne, które stosuje Centralne Laboratorium, mogą wykryć 5 gramów substancji rozpuszczonej w takiej ilości wody, jaką cały Kraków zużywa w ciągu 2 miesięcy. W jaki sposób Wodociagi Krakowskie dbają o jakość swojej wody?

4

Opinia przyrodnika o polskich planach rozwoju żeglugi śródlądowej. Artykuł dyskusyjny

Żurek R.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2017

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Nr 6

175--180

5

Toxicity evaluation of spent drilling mud and drilling waste

Żurek R., Jamrozik A., Gonet A.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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Vol. 34, no. 1

243--258

EN

Spent of water based mud (WBM) were tested in this study. Bioassays were done on spent WBM, brine after filtration and solid phase (SP) after filtration on the press. As test organisms, green algae Kirchneriella obesa and Botrydium granulatum were used, along with the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus and the plant Lepidium sativum. Electrolytic conductivity was between 6.43 and 240 mS/cm. The liquid phase was toxic for K. obesa in the range of dilutions between 0.21 and 0.019, considered as LC50. The parameter LC50 in the category of dilutions was 0.125 to 0.0078 SPP for S. vetulus, 0.25 to 0.094 SPP for green alga Botrydium granulatum when diluted by brown soil and 0.56 to 0.039 SPP for Lepidium sativum. Maximum quantum efficiency (QY) of plants’ photosystem II (PS II), growing on mixtures of drilling fluids with soil, did not depend on the kind of drilling fluid, whereas minimal fluorescence (F0) did. Rinsing the salt out of drilling fluids in a 1:1 proportion was effective only for bentonite mud in the test with L. sativum.

6

Characteristics of oil based muds and influence on the environment

Jamrozik A., Protasova E., Gonet A., Bilstad T., Żurek R.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 4

681--691

EN

Oil based muds (OBM) are highly important in well drilling. Water based muds (WBM) and synthetic based muds are not providing sufficient qualities in fulfilling all of the functions of OBM. OBMs ensure more efficient drilling but also disadvantages such as higher initial cost, more stringent pollution controls and reduced effectiveness of some logging tools. Expenses for mud are reaching 10–15% of total well cost. However, high costs are still low compared to expenses for corrective measures in the case of using mud with poor properties, which could lead to drilling disruption as well as excessive time and cost. OBM and cuttings are saturated with toxic compounds and if discharging to sea poses ecological threats. Perhaps the most hazardous oil component for aquatic organisms are low-boiling aromatics, which consist of benzenes and naphthalenes both soluble in water. Additionally, the higher-boiling aromatic fractions are of high environmental interest due to their persistence in sediments, leading to enzyme induction, cellular dysfunctions, genetic alterations, and chronic effects on organisms. There is a difference in volume of generated waste between using water- and oil-based muds. WBM produces 7,000–13,000 bbl of waste per well. Depending on well depth and diameter 1,400–2,800 bbl are drill cuttings. OBM generates mush less waste as the mud is usually recycled and only drill cuttings with volumes of 2,000–8,000 bbl per well need treatment prior discharge. This paper discusses the hazardous effect of toxic compounds in OBM and evaluates the efficiency of different OBM treatment towards zero discharge.

7

Nieracjonalna racjonalna gospodarka rybacka

Żurek R., Mikołajczyk T.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2015

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Nr 11

313--318

8

Laserowa regeneracja powierzchni walcowych próbek stalowych

Żurek R., Dąbrowski S., Stwora A.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2012

|

nr 3

34-38

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ wybranych parametrów laserowej regeneracji drutami z grupy QuFe powierzchni próbek cylindrycznych ze stali typu: 4H13, NC10 i WCL w aspekcie zmian mikrotwardości i składu chemicznego napoiny i materiału regenerowanego. Wstępne badania obejmowały wyznaczenie zakresów technologicznych parametrów napawania, zapewniających uzyskanie napoin o odpowiedniej jakości oraz gwarantujących odpowiednią adhezję z materiałem podłoża.

EN

Paper presents results of laser cladding process of 4H13, NC10 and WCL steel cylindrical samples, using various metal-wires of QuFe type. Influence of technological parameters of selected process on micro-hardness, weld quality and the chemical composition of weld area has been investigated. Performed experiments aimed at determining range of process parameters for ensuring proper quality of the welds and their adhesion to the ground material. Obtained results and their analysis are discussed.

9

Napawanie laserowe stali 1H18N9T proszkiem Stellite21

Żurek R.

Mechanik

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2011

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R. 84, nr 8-9

692-694

PL

Opisano stanowisko do napawania laserowego stworzone w IZTW. Zademonstrowano wyniki napawania stali 1H18N9T proszkiem Stellite21. Wykonano zgłady próbek napawanych, które poddano badaniom metalograficznym, oraz określono mikrotwardość. Zmierzono również chropowatość otrzymanych elementów.

EN

Described is laser beam pad welding bench as built by IZTW. There are presented results of the pad welding of the 1H18N9T steel grade surface with the Stellite21 powder. Metallographic specimens were made and subjected to micrographic hardness tests. Also surface finish profile of the specimens was measured.

10

Bioetanol paliwem przyszłości i szansą dla Polski

Żurek R.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2008

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nr 8

76-78

PL

Bioetanol - odwodniony alkohol etylowy, związek znany od tysięcy lat, już w niedalekiej przyszłości zrewolucjonizuje rynek biokomponentów. Jako dodatek do paliw konwencjonalnych poprawia proces spalania i powoduje zmniejszenie wydzielania toksycznych substancji w spalinach. Baza produkcyjna Polski pozwoli zaspokoić w 100% zapotrzebowanie na ten biokomponent w rodzimej produkcji paliw.

11

Ryby płaczą w polskich rzekach : deklaracje a praktyka. 1. Polacy oczekują wizji i konkretnego planu działania

Żurek R.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2008

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Nr 6

224-226

12

Ryby płaczą w polskich rzekach : deklaracja a praktyka. II Uczyć się na błędach innych

Żurek R.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2008

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Nr 11

437-441

13

Response of rotifers to hydrochemical and biotic factors

Żurek R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.2

121-139

EN

The zooplankton community in an open cast sulphur mine impoundment was investigated over two years. Complicated physical and chemical relationships in this pit ecosystem resulted in an atypical planktonic assemblage. Changes in the rotifer populations were examined over time and space in the pit ecosystem. Only 20 species of rotifers were identified in the impoundment. In winter, Polyarthra dolichoptera coexisted with P. bicerca; in spring, one of the dominant species was Keratella quadrata, while, in summer, Hexarthra fennica, Keratella cochlearis and Synchaeta tremula were all present. In autumn, Filinia longiseta dominated the population. On the border of the oxycline and beneath the thermocline lived Keratella testudo. Thermal and chemical stratification generated five variants of diurnal vertical migrations of planktonic animals including two typical, well-known patterns. Some species were able to penetrate the oxygen-free layer in the hypolimnion. These species were also resistant to low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Multidimensional scaling and correspondence analysis identified the following factors as important for rotifers: mineralization and the presence of sulfide with hydrogen sulfide, as well as biotic (predators) or the life supporting parameters: temperature, oxygen. Toxic compounds present in the water, especially sulfides or its derivates, were probably responsible for deformation of the rotifers’ spines in 0.1% of the population.

14

Horizontal distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the littoral towards open waters under wind stress

Żurek R., Bucka H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2004

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Vol. 33, No. 3

69--81

EN

The distribution of algae and zooplankton on two transects across reed and Polygonum stands was observed. The algal community in the Polygonum stand had a mosaic structure mainly comprised of green algae plus desmids and diatoms (Pediastrum simplex, Scenedesmus acutus, Closterium ehrenbergii), whereas blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) Microcystis aeruginosa and Woronichinia naegeliana dominated from the reed boundary towards open waters. Some species, such as Euchlanis dilatata, prefer to be associated with plants, while others, like Synchaeta kitina, are more numerous in open waters. On a windward shore, wind at a velocity of 4 – 5 m s-1 caused a slow back current from 8 to 18 m h-1. Movements of water were sometimes linear, but at times they developed in two dimensions.

15

Ocena wytrzymałości na skręcanie stali 60SiCrV7 przeznaczonej na konstrukcję sprężyny zawieszenia w pojazdach samochodowych

Juraszek J., Jurasz Z., Żurek R.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 6

310-311

PL

Celem pracy było określenie modułu Kirchoffa G dla prętów o średnicy 11,7 [mm] wykonanych z przemysłowej stali sprężynowej z gat. 60SiCrV7. Pręty te przeznaczone są do wykonania sprężyn zawieszenia stosowanych w pojazdach samochodowych. Dodatkowo przeprowadzone zostały badania materiałowe celem określenia twardości i struktury metalograficznej badanej stali. Otrzymany wynik wartości G umożliwił zwiększenie dokładności numerycznych obliczeń wytrzymałościowych dla konstruowanych sprężyn.

EN

The aim of work was determining of Kirchoff's modulus G for 11.7 [mm] rods made of industrial spring steel grade 60SiCrV7. These rods are designed on spring suspension in automobile vehicles. Additionally the material studies were performed in order to determining of hardness and metallographical structure of examined steel. The obtained result of value G enables to increase the accuracy of numerical strength calculations for constructed springs.

16

Electrochemical drilling supported by electrode ultrasonic vibrations.

Ruszaj A., Zybura-Skrabalak M., Żurek R., Skoczypiec S., Skrabalak G.

Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology

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2003

|

Vol. 27, nr 1

41-53

EN

From ECM process analysis it results that electrode ultrasonic vibration can support heat and electrochemical reactions products transportation out of machining area and decrease electrode polarization. In the investigations, the influence of the machining parameters, such as power of ultrasonic vibrations, interelectrode voltage, electrode feed rate on ECM technological indicators have been taken into account. The results of the investigations have proved that the electrochemical machining assisted by ultrasonic vibrations in case of machining of small surfaces can improve significantly surface quality, in comparison of classical electrochemical machining.

PL

Analiza procesu ECM wykazała, że drgania ultradźwiękowe elektrody mogą wspomagać procesy usuwania ciepła i produktów roztwarzania ze szczeliny międzyelektrodowej oraz zmniejszyć polaryzaję elektrod. W badaniach określono wpływ mocy drgań ultradźwiękowych, napięcia międzyelektrodowego i prędkości przesuwu elektrody na wskaźniki procesu drążenia elektrochemicznego. Wyniki tych badań wykazały, że drążenie elektrochemiczne wspomagane drganiami ultradźwiękowymi elektrody umożliwia istotną proprawę jakości powierzchni w stosunku do drążenia klasycznego.

17

Upper Vistula River : response of aquatic communities to pollution and impoundment. 8, Zooseston

Żurek R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 2

201-221

EN

Zooseston of the Vistula River section almost 340 km long was investigated in the years 1997/98. In 99 samples collected 90 species of rotifers, 16 cladocerans, 9 copepods and other animals belonging to: Harpacticoidea, Oligochaeta, Nematoda, Chironomidae, Odonata, Simulidae, Tardigrada and Coelenterata were found. Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of rotifers is significantly correlated with basic chemical indicators of water trophic state - phosphate, nitrate and nitrite as well as with the number of copepods which are usually predators. The numbers of copepods depends on the availability of possible prey,i.e. rotifers and cladocerans. Multiple regression confirmed known dependence of cladocerans fromtrophic conditions. Clustering of similarity matrices showed complex structure of sestonic assemblages on rhitral-potamal gradient additionallynmodified by hydrotechnical constructions. These constructions broke old river continuum. Ordination of sites gave complex pattern not only representing a simple gradient rithral-potamal but also all transient stagescaused by hydrotechnical construction (large dam reservoir) or by inflows of polluted waters from the tributaries. Ecological meaning of principal component ordination (PC) for river zooseston assemblages is not simple and might be susceptible of various interpretations.

18

Upper Vistula River : response of aquatic communities to pollution and impoundment. 1, Problem, outline of research and study area

Żurek R., Kasza H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2002

|

Vol. 50, nr 2

107-122

EN

The main disturbancies in hydrological and chemical features of the Upper Vistula River were discussed as well as geological structure and soils of its drainage basin. Examined section of the river is 337 km long. Catchment area of 28 000 km^2 inhabited by 50 to 800 residents km ^-2. Three main problems concerning the river were considered: salinity, pollution and water management. Between 89 and 95 km the river obtaines salty water from coal mines and down the 95 km of the river - huge load of pollution by the Przemsza River. The inflow supplying 91% of Vistulian flow at this point. This unusual proportion is caused by far transfer of drinking water from submontainous part of the Vistula or its tributaries. Polluted water comes back to the river by Przemsz River. Vistula had here too much of suspension, phosphorus, nitrite and ammonia, and sometimes zinc. Water quality between 90 and 170 km was useless for cyprinid fishes according to EeC directive. Vistula River abnd its affluents flow through holocenic river terrances - covered with alluvial and fluvioglacial deposits. In the region of Cracow there are small areas of upper Jurassic origin (marls and lime) and from the Cretaceous period. Holocenic terrace of the river is covered by alluvial soils. On the left bank, between the Przemsza and Nida rivers, there are large areas of loesses. Investigations were carried out in the period between 3rd March 1997 and March 4th 1998. Also the present state of investigations of the Vistula River is discussed. In 1997 in the period from 7th to 15th of July extreme and disastrous flood in the Vistula occurred. Flows, which usually in Cracow (on 165 km) provide 50 to 100 m^3 s^-1, grew up to 1430 m^3 s^-1 and during the culmination of wave up to 2400 m^3 s^-1.

19

Upper Vistula River : response of aquatic communities to pollution and impoundment. 11, Research synthesis

Żurek R., Starzecka A., Bucka H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2002

|

Vol. 50, nr 2

249-262

EN

Investigations on the Upper Vistula River course (from 11 to 337 km) in years 1997-1998 comprised: chemistry of water and sediments, indicators of water quality, such as bacteriological indices, metabolic activity of seston, phytoseston indicator taxa, algal growth test, zooseston assemblages, benthic diatom indices and occurrence of oligochaetes fauna. The pollution impact was reflected by distinct changes in chemistry of water and sediments, as well as by bacteriological indicators and alga growth test. No distinct changes have been noted in the structure of benthic diatom communities. Some improving tendency in the water quality was evident between 248-337 km of the river course,where the most tolerant to pollution taxa were partly replaced by less tolerant species. Some changes revealed an increase in numbers of beta-mesosaprobic and meso-eutraphentic Chlorococcales, which dominated over dense populations of cyanobacteria. Benthic animals assemblages indicated a decrease in pollution level between 248-337 km of the river course.In the case of zooseston no evident was oberved. The sector of the river received on 95 km high load of chlorides from coalmines until last site on 337 km. Load of chlorides was constant, whereas their concentrations diminished. Nitrate concentration arose together with loadings. Phosphate concentrations were constant similarly to loadings, excluding site at 337 km of the river course, where load arose. COD had similar pattern as chlorides. It seems to be better to operate on a greater number of specialised indices or parameters than mixed them into one, which might be confusing index.

20

Biologiczna degradacja organicznych składników płuczek wiertniczych

Żurek R., Czekaj L., Fijał J., Gonet A., Stryczek S.

Inżynieria Środowiska / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. S. Staszica w Krakowie

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2002

|

T. 7, z. 2

203-208

PL

Przeprowadzono doświadczenia biodegradacji substancji organicznej zużytej płuczki wiertniczej. Jako metodę bioremediacji wybrano technikę biostymulacji oraz biowzbogacenia. Płuczkę wzbogacono o fosfor i węgiel organiczny oraz dodano inoculum naturalnych bakterii glebowych i grzybnię z rodzaju Pezicula malicorticis. Miernikiem tempa przemian biodegradacyjnych był proces oddychania mikroorganizmów w badanych środowiskach. Doświadczenie potwierdziło fakt szybszego tempa destrukcji substancji organicznej w układzie biostymulowanym i biowzbogaconym.

EN

Experimental biodegradation of organic matter in the drilling mud sample was done. As a method of bioremediation the biostimulation and bioenrichment technics was chosen. Drilling mud was enriched in phosphorus and organic carbon and afterwards was inoculed with natural population of soil's bacteria and fungus Pezicula malicorticis. As a of measure of biodegradation rate the oxygen consumption was analysed in the investigated media. Experiment confirmed the higher destruction rate od organic matter in the enriched and biostimulated vessels