More than 80% of human diseases are related to the drinking water quality. In Ukraine, up to 80% of surface water bodies, according to official data, are unsuitable as sources of drinking water. A significant part of groundwater is supplied to consumers with significant deviations from quality standards. The urgency of the work is due to the need to assess the physiological value of the mineral composition of drinking water in some regions of Ukraine, in particular the content of fluoride in surface and groundwater sources. The paper evaluated the level of fluoride balance as a possible factor influencing the health of the population of certain regions of Ukraine. In Ukraine, there are four main geochemical regions in terms of fluoride content in drinking water (from very low concentrations of fluoride to high content). On the example of Odessa and Poltava regions, it was noted that the foci of endemic pathology are usually concentrated in the area of development of adverse natural or man-made processes. Both deficiency and excess of fluorides are important factors in shaping the health of the population, which determines the rationale for fluoridation or fluoridation of drinking water. Depending on the components of the environmental risk of high or low fluoride content, comprehensive caries and fluorosis prevention schemes were also recommended.
The article presents general positions and features of a water quality assessment according to the norms of the European Union (EU), shows their difference from the national (Ukrainian) standards. It is proposed to improve the Ukrainian standards for assessing a water quality in accordance with the EU standards. On the example of the Danube and the Dniester rivers, a chronological variability of the water quality indicators is considered, the time trends of the indicators are approximated and the parameters of their distribution laws are determined. The following dependences are established: when approximating the distribution of the indicators it is better to use the lognormal law; an indicators time trend is reflected more accurately by the exponential dependence; a lognormal distribution of a trend-normalized indicator can be formally considered as one-parameter (one of the parameters – an average value of the logarithms of the normalized series – is zero). It is shown that for the previous period of time and in the future when normalizing the discharges of pollutants together with wastewater, a water quality assessment in the control points of the water bodies will meet the requirements of the EU standards on a frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations with the security which is equal to 5 or 10% depending on the purpose of the water body (5% – for fishery facilities, 10% – for drinking and recreational water use facilities).
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The paper focuses on the problem of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste in Ukraine. More then 60% of the total municipal solid waste mass in Ukraine is biodegradable waste. At present, this waste group is almost completely dumped on waste disposal sites and landfills that lead to “resource value” loss and to environmental problems. The work presents a classification of the group of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste as well as quantitative characteristics of the group and the results of data variability analysis. Methane emission and disruption of the natural cycles of nutrients, in particular carbon, are considered as the environmental problems, related to such waste disposal on the waste dumps. Based on the biodegradable waste classification, the main possible ways of the problem solution that will help to achieve a “zero waste” goal for this group are presented. Efficient use of such waste as recyclable material resources is possible in case of easily-decomposed organic waste separation at the waste generation moment.
The assessment of surface water quality and technogenic loading on the separate regions of the North-Western Black Sea, namely the Mykolaiv region, was performed in this work. The water quality assessment was conducted using the graphical method that allows determining the suitability of water for the certain types of water using, as well as the method of calculating a water pollution combinatorial index. The estimation of the technogenic loading is based on calculating a technogenic loading module. It was found that the surface waters of the Mykolaiv region do not meet the requirements of fisheries in relation to most quality indicators. According to various standards, this surface water quality in this region is characterized by the “polluted” – “very dirty” categories. A reduction of the technogenic loading by the volume of wastewater discharges since 2006 can be determined. According to the pollutant discharge indicators, a steady decrease of the level of loading has been noted since 2005, which is caused by a reduction of wastewater discharges.
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