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Valorization of Banana Bunch Waste as a Feedstock via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Energy Purposes

Sulaiman Sani Maulana, Nugroho Gunawan, Saputra Hendri Maja, Djaenudin, Permana Dani, Fitria Novi, Putra Herlian Eriska

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

61--74

EN

In this article, the potential use of banana bunch waste (BBW) as a source of bioenergy through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated. BBW, a byproduct of banana production, is difficult to use as a fuel due to its low density and carbon ratio. However, its high lignocellulose content indicates its potential as a bioenergy source. To determine the optimal HTC conditions, an experiment was conducted using temperature, water to feedstock ratio, and processing time, with the RSM Box-Behnken method used to produce 15 trial formulations. Energy value and mass yield data were collected to determine the optimal values for both. The main parameter affecting energy yield was found to be the water to feedstock ratio, and the optimal conditions were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C, a water to feedstock ratio of 1.5:1, and a processing time of 15 minutes. The highest energy yield of 99.7% was observed under these conditions, while the lowest mass yield of 25.30% was observed at a temperature of 200°C with a water ratio of 2 and a time of 15 minutes. The heating value of the HTC solid product ranges from 17–27 MJ/kg, which is comparable to low-grade sub-bituminous coal, indicating potential for co-firing with coal and other hydrothermal products as a fuel.

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Hydrothermal Carbonization Kinetics of Lignocellulosic Municipal Solid Waste

Putra Herlian Eriska, Djaenudin Djaenudin, Damanhuri Enri, Dewi Kania, Pasek Ari Darmawan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

188--198

EN

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is known as a thermochemical converting of wet biomass into a coal-like solid fuel (hydrochar). Hydrochar is easily crumbled. Because of hydrophobic properties, hydrochar is difficult to degrade by microorganisms. It has a calorific value comparable to lignite coal. In this study, hydrochar was made via converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste through HTC at 190, 210, and 230°C for 30 min with feed to water ratio (FWR) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. The feedstock processed includes food waste, paper, and wood waste, represented as a pseudo-component of the organic fraction of MSW. The high heating value (HHV), FTIR, as well as proximate and ultimate analyses were applied both to feedstock and hydrochar. The results showed that the energy density of hydrochar was elevated with increasing HTC temperature. The energy densification ratio and heating value increased by approximately 1.0–1.32 and 30%, respectively compared to raw feedstock. The lower yields of hydrochar were obtained at higher temperature. The typical char yields for lignocellulosic material range between 62–63 wt% at 190 °C and reduce to 54–57 wt% at 230 °C. Furthermore, a preliminary study of kinetic model for lignocellulose decomposition was conducted. This model was based on the mass loss rate of the lignocellulose compound in HTC of MSW. Three first-order reactions were given to illustrate the hydrochar yield at of 190, 210, and 230°C. The activation energy of lignocellulose decomposition was 76.26 kJ/mol, 51.86 kJ/mol, 12,23 kJ/mol for lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose decomposition, respectively.

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Experimental Studies on Hydrothermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste for Solid Fuel Production

Djaenudin, Permana Dani, Ependi Mahyar, Putra Herlian Eriska

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

208--215

EN

Using the Hydrothermal process to reduce the volume of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is mostly organic component and to utilize the solid powder resulted as coal-like solid fuel will contribute not only to solving the MSW problem but also reducing the coal consumption in the power plant. In this study, the hydrothermal processes were conducted using a laboratory scale apparatus with MSW components as the samples. The process parameters comprised temperature, solid load, and holding time. Four components were used as representative of organics and plastics in the municipal solid waste. In this study, the experiments were done performed at various temperatures, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C inside an experimental autoclave. The results of the experiments show that the process time, the water amount and the temperature which are used in hydrothermal process, affect the proximate and ultimate compositions. The moisture and fixed carbon content decrease and the volatile matter increases, so that the calorific value of MSW increases. On the basis of the experiments, the optimum hydrothermal process parameters are feed to water ratio of 1/1 (250 g/250 ml), temperature of 180 °C, and holding time of 90 min. It also can be concluded that the hydrothermal process can be applied to MSW to produce solid fuel.

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Production of Coal-Like Solid Fuel from Albizia Chinensis Sawdust via Wet Torrefaction Process

Putra Herlian Eriska, Damanhuri Enri, Dewi Kania, Pasek Ari Darmawan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

183--190

EN

Albizia Chinensis is a plant easily found in Indonesia and other South East Asian countries. The sawdust from this plant is a lignocellulosic waste that can be potentially upgraded for the fuel purposes. This research investigated the potential of upgrading sawdust into a coal-like solid for fuel by a wet torrefaction process. In this project, a 1 L torrefaction reactor with an electric heater was employed to perform the carbonization of the Albizia chinensis sawdust. Wet torrefaction was performed in batch at temperatures of 190–230°C with holding times of 20°C, 30 and 60 min. The solid to water ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 were used. The results showed that the chemical and physical properties of sawdust and hydrochar varied as a function of reaction temperature, holding time and solid load. The results also suggested that wet torrefaction could increase the fixed carbon in sawdust while the ash content and volatile matter decreased. The high heating value of hydrochar was 24.55 MJ/kg higher than raw sawdust, 18 MJ/kg. CO2 was predominantly detected in the gas phase, reaching the of >90% CO2. The liquid products were identified as sugar and organic acid compounds, which may be desirable feedstock for biochemical production.