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1

Transfer of Metals from the Soil to Medicago sativa Irrigated with Municipal Landfill Leachate

Belasri Lamiaa, Arabi Mourad, Sabri Safaa, Hmimid Fouzia, Benichou Samah Ait

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

336--346

EN

Morocco faces a growing waste issue due to population growth, economic expansion, and industrialization, leading to environmental concerns, especially regarding leachate. From 1986 to 2022, Casablanca's main landfill produced a total of 800,000 m³ of leachate, which was stored in evaporation ponds, posing significant environmental risks. Our research not only concentrates on traditional chemical analyses for leachate assessments but also emphasizes ecosystem interactions. Phytotoxicity tests assess the impact of contaminants, particularly heavy metals, complementing traditional chemical analyses. Our study investigated the accumulation of these contaminants in the soil and their subsequent transfer to plant tissues. This research aimed to examine the accumulation of heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, and Hg, in soils irrigated with varying leachate concentrations (C0: control; C1: 5%; C2: 7%; C3: 10%; and C4: 15%). The experiments involved the cultivation of M. sativa plants under open-field conditions. To assess the transfer of metals from soil to plant tissues, the transfer factor (TF) index was calculated. Our findings revealed that Pb, Cd, and Hg exhibited transfer factor ranges of 0.55–0.93, 0.07 to 0.21, and 0.1 to 0.37, respectively. The accumulation of heavy metals at the different leachate concentrations followed the order Pb>Hg>Cd.

2

Climate Change and Water Resources Management in the Ghis-Nekor Watershed (North of Morocco) – A Comprehensive Analysis Using SPI, RDI and DI Indices

Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, El Yousfi Yassine, Cheikh Boumediene Ben, Abdaoui Abdellali, Azirar Maryam, Mechkirrou Latifa, El Ouarghi Hossain, Zegzouti Younes Filali, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

199--209

EN

Morocco is currently facing significant challenges due to the ever–changing climate, with its critical water sources crucial for agriculture, economy, and daily life being greatly affected. In order to thoroughly understand the impact of climate change on the Ghis–Nekor watershed, an in–depth study spanning 38 years (1978–2016) was conducted. This involved examining the meteorological data from three stations and utilizing advanced indices, such as SPI, RDI, and DI. The findings of this study revealed prominent shifts in precipitation patterns, indicating a vulnerability in the region. While there was a general increase in annual rainfall during the specified time period, a sharp decline was observed post–2008. Further analysis of drought confirmed the presence of persistent dry spells and recurring episodes, highlighting the urgent need for effective water management strategies. These crucial findings must be considered by decision–makers for successful climate adaptation, emphasizing the key role played by this study in mitigating the effects of climate change.

3

Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Reuse on Water-Soil-Plant Ecosystems in Oued Bou Naim, Eastern Morocco

Chaïeb Amine, Arabi Mourad, Gamagami Oumaima, Benyoussef Said, Aknaf Asmae, Moumen Abdelmajid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

208--219

EN

As climate change continues to present daunting obstacles in the eastern region of Morocco, the reuse of treated wastewater has emerged as a vital solution for combating water scarcity, particularly for irrigation purposes. This investigation delves into the implications of reusing treated wastewater along the seasonal Isly River, with a specific focus on its downstream area, commonly referred to as “Oued Bou Naim”. A comprehensive campaign was conducted in 2023 to analyse the physicochemical quality of 12 water samples from Oued Bou Naim and 13 soil samples from nearby agricultural plots. The findings from the water analysis show a marginal increase in temperature downstream from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Oujda, ranging from 19.0 °C to 24.8 °C. The pH varied between 7.08 and 8.33 and generally remained within acceptable limits. However, the electrical conductivity levels, ranging from 2154 to 2898 μS·cm⁻¹, exceeded WHO standards, indicating potential risks to the soil‒plant‒health ecosystem. Additionally, the total dissolved solids increased significantly downstream from the WWTP, reaching 1437 mg·l⁻¹. For the nitrites, a level exceeding the limits, especially upstream, had an average of 2.03 and a maximum of 5.48 mg·l⁻¹. Upon studying the soil samples, a substantial increase in orthophosphates, nitrites, and nitrates was observed downstream. Orthophosphate levels increased significantly downstream, with an average of 361.25 mg·kg⁻¹, indicating the contribution of treated wastewater. The nitrite concentration (average of 11.61 mg·kg⁻¹) and nitrate level (average of 60 mg·kg⁻¹) raise concerns regarding contamination through irrigation with treated wastewater. This research highlights the critical need for responsible irrigation practices to safeguard the delicate balance of the “Water-Soil-Plant” ecosystem and the well-being of humans. Although wastewater treatment plants play an important role, the presence of high levels of harmful pollutants downstream emphasizes the urgent need to carefully manage this treatment combined with the reasonable use of agrochemical inputs to prevent their leaching into nearby ecosystems. By doing so, we can effectively reduce the risks to both the ecosystem and human health in the study region.

4

Assessment of the Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in the Errachidia Region (SE, Morocco)

Azirar Maryam, Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, Abdaoui Abdellali, Zegzouti Younes Filali, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

64--70

EN

This study aimed to assess groundwater quality in the Errachidia region, southeast Morocco, where a total of one hundred wells were periodically surveyed, and ten wells were selected for monthly monitoring based on their proximity to known surface pollution sources. Various physicochemical parameters were measured. Results outcomes encompass temperature fluctuations ranging from 21°C to 30°C, generally neutral pH levels, heightened electrical conductivity (900 to 2220 μS/cm), diminished dissolved oxygen levels (1.91 mg/L), and the presence of nitrates within prescribed thresholds for potable water. Nevertheless, one station exceeded the nitrate threshold (30 mg/L). Elevated sulfate ion concentrations were detected (764.6 mg/L), potentially originating from urban wastewater. Chloride levels fell within acceptable limits (67.45 to 245 mg/L), and calcium content displayed variability (89.6 to 208.6 mg/L), but remained below authorized values. Hierarchical clustering identified four distinctive well groups predicated on their physicochemical attributes, thereby underscoring the impact of pollution sources on water quality. The study indicated an improvement in the region’s grouwater quality, transitioning from poor to moderate, and in some instances, to good quality.

5

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Tafilalet Region of Southeastern Morocco Using Water Quality Index

Azirar Maryam, Zegzouti Younes Filali, Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, Zaki Hanane, Abdaoui Abdellali, El Yousfi Yassine, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

117--126

EN

This study evaluated the suitability of groundwater from primary basins in the Tafilalet area of southeast Morocco for drinking purposes. Water samples were collected from 100 wells, and physicochemical parameters, including temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, and organic and inorganic ion concentrations, were analyzed. The weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) was used as an ecological indicator for quality evaluation in relation to Moroccan drinking water criteria. Ten locations were chosen for monthly inspection based on their proximity to the potential sources of pollution. The study found a considerable improvement in water quality over a 15-year period (2004–2019), with three sites classified as “Good quality” and seven as “Poor Water”. The analysis revealed that the pH values of all groundwater samples were within the acceptable range according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The chloride ion concentrations decreased significantly over time, while the nitrate and sulfate concentrations increased. The hydrometric title of groundwater was very high in all study sites, with a significant proportion of alkaline earth metals present. The study suggests that the development of the sewerage network and supply and distribution of drinking water in the region has led to improved water quality. The study demonstrated changes in the physicochemical properties of groundwater in the Tafilalet region of Morocco over a 15-year period, with an overall improvement in water quality.

6

Qualitative assessment of the waters of the coastal aquifer Ghis-Nekor (Central Rif, Northern Morocco) in view of agricultural use

Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, El Yousfi Yassine, Azirar Maryam, Ait Boughrous Ali

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

245--250

EN

The rainfall irregularity in the Al-Hoceima area places the Ghis-Nekor coastal aquifer as a primary resource for water supply. However, it is of paramount priority to adopt management and optimization plans that can mitigate the effects of the irrational use of the resource and the deterioration of its quality in the region of our study. In order to study the alteration aspects of this aquifer, 26 wells were sampled and their suitability for irrigation was assessed. The sodium adsorption rate (SAR) values indicate that most groundwater samples fall into the risk classes of high salinity and low sodium (C3-S1) and high salinity and medium sodium (C3-S2). The results also show a medium to high alkalinity risk due to the high concentration of HCO3-. The excess of salts is largely due to the intensive exploitation of groundwater and to the phenomenon of salt-water intrusion into the coastal karst aquifer. As a result, the quality of groundwater is not adapted to sustainable agricultural production and soil balance, which requires controlled monitoring to ensure its rational use with a view to the sustainable development of the region.

7

Citrus Yield Response and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency under Partial Root Drying Irrigation in a Pilot Exploitation in the Triffa Plain (Eastern Morocco)

Slamini Maryam, Sbaa Mohamed, Arabi Mourad, Darmous Ahmed, Bouknana Driss

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

178--191

EN

In our experiment we have studied the effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) on plant physiological response, plant soil water dynamics, yield and fruit quality of mature clementine trees (Citrus clementina) during the irrigation seasons 2017 and 2018 in an orchard located in Triffa plain (north-east Morocco). Two irrigation treatments were applied: (i) full irrigation where trees were irrigated with enough water to replace 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and (ii) alternate partial root-zone drying (PRD) with trees irrigated at 75% ETc (applied on one side of the root-zone while the other side was kept dry, alternating the sides every week). Results show that PRD at 75% of crop water demand (ETc) decreased the fruit yield by 17% in 2017 and 7% in 2018 compared with the Full irrigation treatment and did not induce significant loss of crop yield. The PRD irrigation treatment, induces not only a reduction of the wetted soil volumes and transpiration rate, but also represented the highest Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) with an increase of 11 and 21% for 2017 and 2018 respectively. Both fruit size and fruit weight decrease significantly in PRD treatment by 12–10% and 11–12% compared to Full irrigation respectively for 2017 and 2018. Titrable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids percentage (TSS) increased significantly in PRD fruit by 9–11% and 1.2–1.4% respectively for 2017 and 2018. Juice percentage decreased significantly in the first year for PRD treatment by 6% whereas in 2018 the PRD fruit had the highest juice percentage with significant difference of 3% compared to Full irrigation statically significant. Results show clear difference of rooting between irrigation strategies with an increase of the root number by the PRD treatment.

8

Physicochemical Characterization of the Leachate of the Tamelast Landfill Site, Grand Agadir (Morocco)

Asouam Saadia, Arabi Mourad, Faik Farid, El Morjani Zine El Abidine, Abioui Mohamed, Diaz Luis F., Kostyuchenko Yuriy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 5

65--72

EN

During the last decade, the Grand Agadir has faced a huge production of solid waste, similarly to all other Moroccan cities. Indeed, these solid wastes are composed of the organic matter fraction in 77%. This solid waste is buried in the landfill of Tamelast, which, with its undersized leachate storage ponds, is the source of many environmental problems. Thus, the development of a landfill site meeting environmental standards has become an urgent need. This study aims to highlight the current state of waste management in Grand Agadir, while assessing the polluting load of leachate produced at the Tamelast landfill. This was achieved by taking samples of young leachate at the outlet of the purge, followed by medium and old leachate from the storage tanks (Pond N°2 & N°3). In addition to the olfactory nuisances still persistent at the landfill area, the results of the physicochemical characterization showed that the leachates produced, if not treated effectively, would generate great environmental and health risks to the surrounding environments, by their high organic and mineral load. The electrical conductivity reflecting the mineral load, reaches a maximum value of 130 mS/cm and a minimum value of 16 mS/cm. The maximum measured values of BOD5 and COD were, 43251 mgO2/L and 90240 mgO2/L, respectively, indicating high biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic pollutant load. Total dry solids ranges between 231 mg/l and 9696 mg/l, which exceeds the allowable discharge limits for liquid pollutant. The analysis of heavy metals has shown strong values in terms of Iron, Silver, Nickel, and Manganese, which, similarly, exceed the limits of the standards for liquid pollutants released into natural fields.

9

Physicochemical Characterization of a Feed Based on Food Waste for Broilers and Organic Chickens

Mechkirrou Latifa, Arabi Mourad, Ouhssine Mohamed, Afilal Mohamed El Amine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 5

110--118

EN

The city of Oujda has a very significant production of solid waste that annually exceeds 340000 tons, of which the organic fraction represents at least 70%. In order to promote the recovery of solid organic waste, a study was carried out on an alternative food made from food waste (FW) in the city of Oujda (Morocco). Before being applied on different flocks of chickens (industrial broilers and farmer broilers), this Lab-Prepared Feed was analysed to determine its organo-mineral composition in comparison to other composed poultry feeds that are marketed in Morocco. The results of organo-mineral characterization showed a composition of 13% in total nitrogen, 7% in mineral matter and 4% in fat, while for the composed poultry feeds, these components were 15%, 6% and 5%, respectively. The composition of nutriment found for the studied materials may promote the food waste recovery to be used as a raw material of the Lab-Prepared Feed (LPF). Thus, it may enable to replace, under sustainable view, the composed poultry feeds, which have presently become very expensive due to various economic factors.

10

Impact of Anthropic Activities on the Quality of Groundwater in the Central Rif (North Morocco)

Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Azirar Maryam, El Midaoui Adil, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

69--78

EN

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of human anthropic activities on the physicochemical and biological properties as well as the quantity of the groundwater in the central Rif of Morocco. Series of analyses were carried out on the water resources of this area. The interpretation of analytical data and the distribution of groundwater into groups were treated using multivariate statistical methods including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Ascending Hierarchical Classification (CHA). The results of the present study showed strong mineralization of the investigated area waters. This study also indicated the impact of anthropogenic activities and their influences on the quality of groundwater in the central Rif, with the presence of total coliforms, fecal Escherichia coli type, and fecal streptococci intestinal enterococcal type, suggesting that the contamination of this groundwater was induced by human pollution. In addition, the infiltration of groundwater by wastewater from septic tanks, the use of wastewater for irrigation purposes, the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, and irregular rainfall in the region constitute the main factors of anthropogenic contamination of groundwater in the study area.

11

Impact of the Municipal Solid Waste Typology on Leachate Flow Under Semi-Arid Climate – A Case Study

Arabi Mourad, Sbaa Mohamed, Vanclooster Marnik, Darmous Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

94--101

EN

As recently created, the landfill site of Oujda, Morocco receives an annual flow of municipal solid wastes of 140000 tons. It became clear that the leachate storage ponds were undersized compared to the actually emanating flows. With no adequate treatment, the storage time of leachates in deep and anaerobic ponds increase and produce olfactory nuisances directly affecting the air quality of the nearest agglomerations. The monitoring of leachate flows during a year, showed the daily average production of 126 m3 (annual cumulative leachate is 46800 m3). Thus, highest volumes were recorded during the summer season (4716 m3 in July 4945 m3 in August, and 4927 m3 in September) with a monthly average rate of 3700 m3. In addition, the monitoring of leachate flows exhibits seasonal variations. Simultaneously, the MSW’s typology and moisture content study showed the dominance of organic matter (73%) and high moisture content (63.5%). The results obtained are an essential asset for any decision in order to achieve appropriate leachates treatment with a possibility of recirculation into the landfill cells to enhance removal of their toxic contents.

12

Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological groundwater quality in irrigated Triffa Plain, North-East of Morocco

Kadaoui Mohammed, Bouali Abderrahime, Arabi Mourad

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

100--109

EN

The physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater was assessed to show the impact of the agriculture and human activities in the Triffa Plain located in North-East of Morocco. The current levels of contamination of the groundwater were estimated by analysing electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate, and indicators of faecal pollution content. Water samples from 55 locations were collected during two period of time, the wet and the dry season of the year 2016. Result obtained indicated that most samples are highly contaminated. The electrical conductivity varied from 800 to 9 100 μS∙cm–1. Nitrate levels ranged from 25 to 216 mg∙dm–3, with 78% of samples exceeding the critical level value set at 50 mg∙dm–3. Nitrate concentrations are slightly higher during the wet period in 73% of studied cases. Nitrite rarely exceeded the normal rate fixed by World Health Organization and reached 0.90 mg∙dm–3. Ammonia and orthophosphate contents do not exceed these norms. The study revealed a wide contamination of groundwater by microbial agents such as, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci, with content ranged from 0 to 14 000, 0 to 5 000 and 0 to 5 000 CFU∙(100 cm3)–1 respectively, confirming the impact of septic tanks, wastewater discharge into rivers without treatment, and the use of animal waste on the ground water vulnerability. Samplings and measurements were carried out according to the international standard ISO 13395, ISO 11732 and ISO 15681-2 for chemical compounds and ISO 9308-1 and ISO 7899-2 for microbiological numerations.

PL

Przeprowadzono fizyczną, chemiczną i bakteriologiczną ocenę jakości wód gruntowych, aby wykazać wpływ rolnictwa i innych form działalności człowieka na Równinie Triffa w północnowschodnim Maroku. Poziom zanieczyszczeń oceniono przez analizę przewodnictwa elektrolitycznego, stężeń azotanów i azotynów, jonów amonowych, ortofosforanów oraz wskaźników zanieczyszczeń pochodzenia kałowego. Próbki wody pobrano z 55 stanowisk dwukrotnie – w czasie pory suchej i deszczowej w 2016 r. Wyniki analiz wskazują, że większość próbek wody była silnie zanieczyszczona. Przewodność elektrolityczna właściwa zmieniała się od 800 do 9 100 μS∙cm–1. Stężenie azotanów (V) wynosiło od 25 do 216 mg∙dm–3, a w 78% próbek stwierdzono stężenie większe niż wartość krytyczna równa 50 mg∙dm–3. Stężenie azotanów (III) były nieco większe w porze deszczowej w 73% badanych przypadków. Stężenie azotanów (III) rzadko przekraczało normy ustalone przez WHO, osiągając maksymalnie 0,90 mg∙dm–3. Stężenie jonów amonowych i ortofosforanów nie przekraczało wartości normatywnych. Badania wykazały silne skażenie wód podziemnych mikroorganizmami, co przejawiało się dużym zagęszczeniem całkowitym bakterii coli (0–14 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1), bakterii coli pochodzenia kałowego (0–5 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1) i kałowych streptokoków (0–5 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1). Wyniki te potwierdzają wpływ osadników gnilnych, dopływu nieoczyszczonych ścieków i stosowania nawozów naturalnych na jakość wód gruntowych.