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EN
Land surface temperature (LST) plays an important role in many land-surface processes on regional as well on global scales. It is also a good indicator of energy flux phenomena and is used as a parameter in various Earth observation related studies. However, LST estimation based on processing and utilisation of satellite derived data constitutes several problems in terms of time limitations, accessibility, atmospheric influence etc. The aim of the study was to verify and compare the algorithms especially in the context of minimalisation of errors in LST estimation by satellite observation using various means of GIS data processing and integration. Also, the indirect verification of the LST estimation methods, based on the utilisation of statistics and dependencies of LST, NDVI and air temperature values has been presented and discussed. The presented work has the form of a case study, and due to limited amount of verification data used in the current stage of the investigation, the results should be treated as preliminary. The developed GIS solution for integrating spatial data from many sources needed in the course of this study is also presented.
EN
Environmental changes are amongst the most important research subjects in geography. The changes may be natural, but also may be caused by human activity. Land cover is a significant component of the changing environment. Monitoring of its changes involves usage of satellite techniques. Landsat mission provides comparable data since forty years, very useful in land cover studies. Utilization of satellite techniques in such researches is developing quickly. This paper is an example of methods that enable quick and quite accurate assessment of range and spatial distribution of land cover changes. Practical application of image difference, principal component analysis and supervised classification to detect land cover changes is presented. Methods are applied to study area containing different land cover classes. Accuracy of methods was tested and compared. Combining methods presented in earlier researches, five new methods were developed: image difference, image difference with classification, classification, principal component analysis, principal component analysis with classification. Methods were applied to three different input datasets: pairs of images with different level of preprocessing. First dataset was a pair of georeferenced Landsat Thematic Mapper images. The second dataset was the same pair of images, atmospherically corrected using dark object subtraction method. Normalization of one image to the other provided the third dataset. Accuracy assessment was executed. Results were obtained from confusion matrices. Overall accuracy of methods was high, from 77% to 91%. Supervised classification was the most accurate method. Combining fully automatic methods with supervised classification has increased overall accuracy of automatic change detection, however not significantly. Studies on combining change detection methods should be continued. Future studies should concentrate on the automation of change detection process.
EN
Monitoring the plant moisture has a significant role in geographical research. It may be used, among the others, for climate modelling, agricultural predicting, rational water management, drought monitoring and determining vulnerability to the occurrence of the fire. Traditional methods, based on field measurements, are the most accurate, but also time-consuming. Therefore these methods can be applied only in a limited area. In order to explore bigger areas remote sensing methods are useful. To analyse plant condition and water content vegetation indices can be used. Their calculations are based on the reflectance in different bands. Despite many studies conducted on the development of remote sensing indices, still there is a need for verification of their accuracy and usefulness by comparing the results obtained through remote sensing tools with the results of field measurements. In this paper three indices are used: Moisture Stress Index (MSI), Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) and transformation Tasseled Cap (the Wetness band). The aim of this study was to compare the value of vegetation indices calculated using images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper with the results of field measurement from five test areas of different type of land cover: cereal crops, non-cereal crops, forests, meadows and pastures. Research was carried out in province Ontario (Canada) and consisted of two stages. The first stage was the fi eld measurements, where the specified number of plant samples was collected and water content was calculated. The second stage consisted of the preparation of relevant satellite images (atmospheric correction and making the mosaic) and the calculation of vegetation indices. The study has shown, that statistical relationships between data sets obtained through remote sensing indices and calculated on the basis of field measurements are diverse for different indices. MSI and NDII values are significantly correlated with the water content in plants (R= -0.62 and 0.56, respectively). The correlation of TCW was rated as moderate (R=0.30). Spatial distribution of water content based on maps created using NDII and MSI is similar. It was noticed that TC Wetness transformation overestimates water content in cereal plants (smaller water content) and underestimates it in natural green plant ecosystems, which generally have higher water content. As a result, the range of water content values obtained from TCW is more narrow (dominates the class of 60-70% water in plants) than the range of values calculated using NDII and MSI. Both indices have more uniform distribution dominated by the classes of moderate water content (50-60%), rather wet plants (60-70%) and very wet plants (70-80%). Each index is characterized by different distribution of the water content. In general values calculated on the basis of NDII and MSI are higher than calculated using TCW. In order to perform more accurate analysis between values calculated using satellite images and the results of field measurements, the values of particular types of land cover should be compared.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wybranych elementów infrastruktury technicznej miasta, które mogą pretendować do miana detali architektonicznych na przykładzie Berlina i Białegostoku. Autorka podjęła próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, co trzeba zrobić, aby umiejscowione w przestrzeni miejskiej i widoczne dla oka ludzkiego elementy infrastruktury technicznej oprócz funkcji użytecznej pełniły także funkcję estetyczną a poprzez odpowiednio dobrany materiał, kształt i kolor dopełniały współczesną architekturę.
EN
The article presents a comparison between selected elements of technical city infrastructure that can considered to be the example of architectural details for instance in Berlin and Białystok. The author tries to answer the question, how to make them not only useful because of their technical function but also an aesthetic for human being by properly selected material, shape and color complement.
5
Content available remote Racjonalizacja użytkowania energii w świetle prawa unijnego
PL
W artykule omówiono wybrane fragmenty Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady Unii Europejskiej z 19 maja 2010 r. w sprawie charakterystyki energetycznej budynków (wersja przekształcona). Celem dyrektywy jest poprawienie charakterystyki energetycznej budynków, które odpowiadają za 40% łącznego zużycia energii w Unii przez: wykorzystanie energii ze źródeł odnawialnych, zwiększenie liczby budynków o niemal zerowym zużyciu energii i inne. Zobowiązanie do ograniczenia do 2020 r. łącznej emisji gazów cieplarnianych o co najmniej 20% w stosunku do poziomu z roku 1990 będzie zdecydowanie łatwiejsze do osiągnięcia przez bogate kraje Unii, niż przez pozostałe państwa członkowskie, a w tym także przez Polskę. Zwrócono uwagę, że państwa mniej zamożne muszą bardzo rozważnie formułować przepisy ustawowe, wykonawcze i administracyjne.
EN
The article discusses some parts of the Directive of the European Parliament and European Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Recast). The Directive aims to improve the energy performance of buildings, which account for 40% of total energy consumption in the EU: the use of renewable energy, inereasing the number of buildings with almost zero energy, and others. Commitment to reduce by 2020 the total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990 levels will be considerably easier to achieve by the rich countries of the Union than by the other Member States, including Poland. It was noted that less wealthy countries should have a very carefully formulated laws, regulations and administrative provisions.
7
Content available Dywersyfikacja w sektorze paliw gazowych
PL
Na rynku paliwowym nastąpiły diametralne zmiany. Niepewność cen oraz względy ekologiczne zmuszają do zastanowienia się nad wyborem najbardziej racjonalnego rodzaju paliwa. Gaz jest paliwem przyjaznym dla środowiska a dzięki wprowadzaniu coraz to nowych technologii, łatwości obsługi z punktu widzenia użytkownika oraz jego ogólnej dostępności może trafić do każdego odbiorcy. Paliwo to znajduje swoje zastosowanie zarówno w gospodarstwie domowym, przemyśle, a także w motoryzacji. Należy poznać różne odmiany gazu oraz ich właściwości, aby prawidłowo je wykorzystać. Ciągle odkrywane są nowe źródła pozyskiwania tego surowca - także na terenie Polski. Opracowywane są technologie ułatwiające, a w niektórych przypadkach umożliwiające, jego wydobycie.
EN
The fuel market has been changed. The hesitancy of prices and environmental considerations force us to think about the most efficient type of fuel. Gas is an environmental friendly fuel. Because of the newest technologies it is generally approachable and used in the householders, industry and motorization. It is necessary to know the different kinds of gas and their properties in order to use them properly. The new gas poles are discovered - also in Poland. New technologies help or even let us extract gas from new places.
PL
Przedstawiono główne parametry geometryczne wpływające na poziom zapotrzebowania na ciepło do ogrzewania pomieszczeń oraz przeanalizowano grupę budynków jednorodzinnych pod kątem charakterystyki energetycznej. Zwrócono uwagę na powiązanie standardu energetycznego budynku jednorodzinnego z emisją zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery.
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