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Profesor Kazimierz Guzik : zasłużony geolog kartograf, geotechnik i tektonik

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 10/1

616--624

EN

Kazimierz Guzik (1911-1970), Polish geologist, graduated from the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, employee of the National Geological Institute and professor at the University of Warsaw. He was the organizer of one of the first soil mechanics laboratories in Poland, an expert in engineering geology and cartography, a pioneer in ground and aerial photogeology. He was a researcher of the tectonics of the Tatra Mts. and the Carpathians, and the co-author of the first detailed geological map of the Polish Tatras.

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Profesor Bohdan Świderski : niestrudzony badacz tektoniki Karpat

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 11

881--888

EN

Professor Bohdan Swiderski (1892-1943) was one of the most outstanding Polish tectonicians of the Carpathians. In 1911-1917 he studied in Switzerland at Prof. Maurice Lugeon, a famous Alpine geologist, and was a collaborator of the Swiss Geological Commission. From 1919, Bohdan Swiderski was interested in the Carpathian geology, especially in studying the Eastern Flysch Carpathians, poorly known at those times. As the first researcher in the Carpathians he applied a quantitative tectonic analysis to determine the relationship between the folding style and lithology, carried out geomorphological studies, and was an expert in petroleum exploration. He was a collaborator and an employee of the Polish Geological Institute, a professor at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and the University of Poznań. After the outbreak of World War II, Bohdan Swiderski was imprisoned in the German concentration camp Auschwitz. He died suddenly in 1943, shortly after his release from the camp.

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Wawrzyniec i Henryk Teisseyre’owie

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

86–-92

EN

The Teisseyre family is a very meritorious family in Polish geology. Senior Wawrzyniec Teisseyre (1860–1939), cartographer, tectonicist, petroleum geologist and paleontologist, first determined the course of the SW boundary of the East European Platform, subsequently confirmed by magnetic studies of German geophysicist A.J.H. Tornquist. This important continental-scale feature has a character of deep fractures and is called today the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone. Wawrzyniec's son, Henryk Teisseyre (1903–1975), was an eminent Carpathian geologist. After World War II, he was the co-founder of the Wroc³aw centre of Polish geology and the creator of Wroc³aw school of tectonics. Significant roles in the geology were played by Henryk's sons: prematurely died Juliusz (1933–1991) and Andrzej Karol (1938–1991). Henryk's nephew, Roman Teisseyre (born 1929), is a world-class seismologist, researcher in physics of the Earth interior.

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Zbigniew Sujkowski – uczony i żołnierz

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 5

234--239

EN

Zbigniew Sujkowski was a co-founder of Polish sedimentary petrography and a pioneer of sedimentology. After studying geology at the University of Warsaw (1921–1925), he worked in 1927–1929 with Prof. Lucien Cayeux at Collège de France in Paris. He specialized in petrographic-sedimentological studies of Cretaceous deposits in Poland, but especially of siliceous rocks. His treatise on diagenesis, published posthumously in 1958, is among the classics of world geological literature. Zbigniew Sujkowski was a Polish patriot. In the period 1914–1920, he participated in the armed struggle for the independence of Poland, and during World War II – in the armed resistance movement against German occupation as the organizer of subversion. At the end of the war, he was in London; his return to Poland was impossible from political reasons. Sujkowski immigrated to Canada and took a job at MacMaster University in Hamilton. He died tragically in an accident.

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Tadeusz Depciuch : pionier badań geochronologicznych w Polsce

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 10/1

503--509

EN

Dr Tadeusz Depciuch (1928–2007), geochemist, mineralogist and economic geologist, longtime employee of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw, as the first scientist in Poland who conducted a systematic study on isotopic age of crystalline rocks. In 1966, after preliminary age determinations by Dr Jerzy Borucki, he undertook research of crystalline rocks of the Lower Silesian Block, mainly granites, and subsequently of rocks of the basement of the Polish part of the East European Precambrian Platform penetrated in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as igneous rocks of its cover. He used the K-Ar method, applying its volumetric variety on own-designed equipment. Age determinations allowed identifying the magmatic and metamorphic stages of the development of the crystalline basement evolution, and establishing the stratigraphy. They also played an important role in the research on Variscan plutonism in Lower Silesia. Tadeusz Depciuch participated in prospecting for uranium deposits in the Sudetes, using geochemical methods, and studied the origin of some deposits. In 1974–1984, he worked in Africa (Benin) as a UN expert in the field of geochemistry and economic geology.

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Profesor Zdzisław Pazdro – twórca polskiej szkoły hydrogeologii

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 8

391--396

EN

Professor Zdzislaw Pazdro (1903–1987) is regarded as the creator of the Polish school of hydrogeology. He was born in Lviv. In times of dramatic rebirth of the Polish state, he participated, as a 15-year-old boy, in the defense of Lviv in 1918, and was a volunteer in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In 1925, Zdzis³aw Pazdro graduated from the University of Lviv as a geologist and, as an employee of the University, conducted research work on stratigraphy and tectonics of the Carpathians. Over time, his interests turned to economic geology; he participated in the exploration of the Bug Coal Basin in and the prospecting for bituminous minerals. During World War II (1939–1945), he acted in conspiracy in the structures of the Polish Underground State. He was imprisoned by the Gestapo, and then, after the capture of Lviv by the Soviet Army, by the NKVD. He was released as a high-class geologist at the request of the Polish communist authorities. After the war, he organized the first hydrogeological and geological-engineering studies in Poland (Gdañsk University of Technology, in 1952), was the author of the first, highly acclaimed textbook "Hydrogeologia ogólna" (1964), long-standing chairman of the Commission for Hydrogeological Documentations at the Central Geological Office, teacher of several generations of Polish hydrogeologists, and author of regional hydrogeological syntheses and hydrogeochemical reports.

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Ludwik Horwitz – badacz pienińskiego pasa skałkowego, najtrudniejszej struktury Karpat

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 6

290--294

EN

Louis Horwitz (1875–1943), a Polish geologist of Jewish origin. Representative of the Alpine School of Geology of Prof. Maurice Lugeon in Lausanne. He was engaged in geological mapping in the Fribourg Alps. From 1919, he was associated with the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. Louis Horwitz conducted a detailed geological study of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, an orogenic suture zone between the Inner and Outer Carpathians. His research has contributed significantly to broadening knowledge of the stratigraphy of rocks composing the structure. Simultaneously, he was conducting mapping work of oil-bearing areas of the Eastern Flysch Carpathians. During the German occupation of Poland (after 1939), he continued research in the Pieniny Mts. Murdered by the Nazis in 1943.

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Możliwe źródła zaopatrzenia w paliwo potencjalnych elektrowni jądrowych w Polsce

Smakowski T., Wołkowicz S., Miecznik J. B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2013

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nr 85

295--307

PL

Plany rozwoju energetyki jądrowej w Polsce spowodowały kolejną falę zainteresowania występowaniem rud uranu w Polsce. Obecnie uran nie jest traktowany jako surowiec strategiczny i Polska potencjalnie może go pozyskać na zasadach rynkowych. Stąd też niniejsza analiza geologiczno-gospodarcza wystąpień uranu w Polsce nawiązuje ściśle do aktualnych światowych trendów w geologii i gospodarce uranem. Postępujący rozwój technologii odzysku uranu i nacisk na efektywność ekonomiczną przedsięwzięć górniczo-przeróbczych spowodowały, że zainteresowanie budzą przede wszystkim złoża występujące na powierzchni terenu lub na bardzo małych głębokościach (złoża kalkretowe, w granitach/alaskitach i typu metasomatycznego) nadające się do taniej eksploatacji metodą odkrywkową, złoża typu piaskowcowego nadające się do eksploatacji metodą podziemnego ługowania, występujące do głębokości 500 m, oraz bardzo bogate złoża związane z niezgodnościami proterozoicznymi lub polimetaliczne złoża w brekcjach hematytowych. Dotychczas największymi producentami uranu były Kanada i Australia, ale od 2008 r. największym producentem został Kazachstan, dynamicznie rozwijający produkcję żółtego keku ze złóż w piaskowcach metodą ługowania in situ. Także państwa afrykańskie, przede wszystkim Namibia i Niger, oraz Rosja i Uzbekistan należą do poważnych producentów światowych. Natomiast kraje Europy środkowo-zachodniej, będące w przeszłości ważnymi dostawcami uranu (Francja, b. Czechosłowacja, b. NRD) praktycznie zaprzestały wydobycia na swoim terenie, co było spowodowane wyczerpaniem się zasobów złóż z jednej strony i restrykcyjnymi względami środowiskowymi z drugiej. Wystąpienia uranu w Polsce znane są z dolnoordowickich łupków dictyonemowych obniżenia podlaskiego (typ łupków czarnych) i triasowych piaskowców syneklizy perybałtyckiej (złoża typu piaskowcowego). Głębokość występowania, niskie zawartości (łupki ordowiku), bardzo duża zmienność okruszcowania (piaskowce triasu) powodują, że nie mają one złożowego znaczenia i mogą być klasyfikowane co najwyżej jako wystąpienia rud U o niewielkich zasobach o charakterze prognostycznym lub perspektywicznym, występujące w trudnych warunkach geologiczno-górniczych oraz środowiskowo-krajobrazowych.

EN

The latest plans to develop a nuclear energy industry in Poland led to revival of interest in domestic uranium reserves. However, in the meantime uranium lost its status of a strategic raw material which opened possibilities to import that commodity. This makes it necessary to conduct geological-economic analysis of Polish uranium deposits in close reference to current world trends in development and management of uranium resources. The recent developments in technology ot uranium production and market requirements for economic efficiency of mining operations and processing focus on deposits occurring at the surface or shallow depths (calcrete deposits, those related to granites/alaskites or of the metasomatic type) suitable for inexpensive open-pit mining, deposits of the sandstones type at depths not greater than 500 m and suitable for mining by underground leaching, and very rich deposits related to Proterozoic unconformities or hematite breccias. Canada and Australia had been the main uranium producers until 2008 when the first place has been taken over by Kazakhstan thanks to dynamic growth of its production of yellow cake from sandstone uranium deposits mined by in situ leaching. The other leading producers include Namibia, Niger and some other African countries, as well as Russia and Uzbekistan. In turn, several important suppliers from the past (as e.g. France, former Czechoslovakia or former East Germany) have practically ceased out the production due to exhaustion of economic resources and/or environmental restrictions. In Poland uranium mineralization has been found in Lower Ordovician Dictyonema Shale in the Podlasie Depression (deposit of the black shale type) and Triassic Sandstones in the Peribaltic Syneclise (deposit of the sandstone type). The depth of burial combined with low concentrations of uranium (Ordovician Shale) and very high variability in mineralization (Triassic sandstones) make these deposits uneconomic and classifiable as uranium ore occurrences with limited resources and of prognostic or perspective importance, additionally limited by geological-mining conditions and environmental restrictions.

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Wspomnienie o Jerzym Kanasiewiczu w 20. rocznicę śmierci

Graniczny M., Miecznik J. B., Mikulski S.Z., Urban H.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

178--181

EN

Jerzy Kanasiewicz was born on May 9, 1934, in Lwów. In the years 1953-1958 he studied geology at the Mining Institute in Jekaterinburg (Russia - Ural Mts.). In 1958, he began to work in the Geological Insti¬tute in Warszawa, in the Department of Rare and Radio¬active Elements. In 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis titled: "Occurences of rhenium and selenium and some other accompanying elements in the Lower Zechstein cupri¬ferous series of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline". He took part in several scientific expeditions in Asia and Africa, as an expert. In Vietnam (1971), Jerzy Kanasiewicz evaluated industrial potential of the Nam Nam Xe rare earth deposits in the Lao Cai province. He also visited North Korea in 1975. In the years 1979-1981, he worked in India as an expert of the United Nations. He conducted exploration for gold, tin, lithium, niobium and tantalum pegmatite ores, together with Indian geologists. The investigations took place in the state of Madhya Pradesh. He also visited Malaysia at that time, where he had opportunity to acquaint with methods of identifications and documentation ofclastic tin ores of the global importance. In 1982, Jerzy Kanasiewicz visited Libya where was involved in exploration and evaluation of the uranium resources. In mid-1980s, he created an ambitious and innovative program of geochemical-mineralogical researches in the Sudetes and Fore-Sudetic Block. He died untimely in Warszawa on August 24, 1992.

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U źródeł geologicznych zainteresowań Mariana Smoluchowskiego

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 5

286--289

EN

Marian Smoluchowski (1872-1917) was an eminent physicist of international renown. His research in the field of the Kinetic Theory of Matter (e.g. the Brownian motion) contributed to strengthen the nuclear science. He is considered a pioneer of the statistical physics. Childhood and the years of study he spent in Vienna. From an early age, he was associated with mountains and was a prominent mountaineer. Along with his brother, Tadeusz, he climbed many unclimbed peaks in the Eastern Alps: Dolomites, Ortler group and Hohe Tauern. Those achievements passed into the history of Alpine mountaineering. In addition to sports and aesthetic aspects (he painted mountain landscapes), Smoluchowski found his scientific inspirations in the mountains. He was interested in the mechanics of tectonic movements and joined the discussion on the concepts concerning the nappe structure of orogens at the beginning of the 20th century (1909). Research on the physicalfoundations of tectonic movements in the Tatra Mountains, that he planned to undertake, was thwarted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, and his premature death in 1917.

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Profesor Stanisław Józef Thugutt – arystokrata nauki

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

113--116

EN

A mineralogist and experimenter. He conducted studies on the chemical constitution of aluminosilicates, especially of the feldspathoid and zeolite groups. The field of his research also included microchemical methods of identification of minerals and the role of water in the formation of minerals, including hydrothermal origin of minerals. Stanisław Józef Thugutt was involved in defense of independent status of scientific research. In 1903, he created his own mineralogical laboratory and headed it until the beginning of WorldWar II. He was awarded the distinction of Warsaw University Professor and appointed to the post of the Rector of the university. He was active in science for over 70 years. Stanisław Józef Thugutt was a cousin of Stanisław August Thugutt, the well-known politician of the interwar period.

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Na wyżynach polskiej geologii

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 11-2

683-–689

EN

The times of the loss of the Polish statehood in the 19th century to early 20th century did not favour the development of Polish geology. This development began in the interwar years, and it considerably accelerated after World War II as a result of both the Soviet concept to develop a huge heavy industry sector in Poland and the need to create an appropriate resource base. The funding for research and geological exploration was highly increased, and the period of great discoveries of raw materials commenced. Large academic centres of geology developed in Warsaw and Kraków, where excellent scientific schools were established around outstanding scientists. The leading ones included the Polish school of sedimentology and, more broadly, of geology, established by Professor Marian Książkiewicz (1906–1981) at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and the school of paleontology developed by Professor Roman Kozłowski (1889–1977) in Warsaw. Their achievements, despite the political isolation of Poland, quickly became well-known abroad and influenced the development of world science.

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Ferdynand Rabowski : wybitny tektonik i człowiek gór

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

172--177

EN

Ferdynand Rabowski was a Polish tectonician and a researcher of the nappe tectonics of the Alps and Tatra Mts. He was a student of Professor Maurice Lugeon to start his professional carrier with geological-tectonic mapping in the Bernese and Valais Alps in 1908-1919. These works were a remarkable contribution to the geological knowledge of the regions. After coming back to Poland in 1920, Ferdynand Rabowski began detailed geological studies of the Tatra Mts. The results of these studies made it possible to draw the majorframe of tectonic structure of these mountains and to establish a firm base for further studies. For many years, he bravely fought lung and Parkinson's diseases. Nevertheless, he was continuously making efforts to carry on studies, and died a few days after his return from a field excursion in the Tatra Mts. He had not managed to develop all materials, but left numerous working manuscripts that were completed and published after his death.

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Bolesław Bujalski – geolog o bohaterskim życiorysie

Miecznik J. B., Wołkowicz S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 4

230--233

EN

Doctor Bolesław Bujalski (1888-1945) graduatedfrom Lviv University to become an outstanding Polish geologist and cartographer. His major fields of expertise included tectonics and structural geology of the Flysch Belt of the Outer Eastern and Western Carpathians and oil potential in these regions. His professional career included work for a petroleum company Towarzystwo Naftowe "Galicja" S.A. and the Polish Geological Institute. During the First World War, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army. Hefought on the Russian and Italian fronts and advanced to the rank ofLieutenant. After the war, in November 1918 Doctor Bujalski he joined the reborn Polish Army in the rank of Captain and took part in a battle called the Defense of Lviv in the Polish historiography. He also fought in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. For his distinguished merits, he was awarded the highest military distinction of Poland, the Silver Cross of the War Order of"Virtuti Militari". During the Second World War, he headed the Relief Committee of the Central Welfare Council in Stanisławów, a charity organization operating in Poland under the German occupation. He tried to continue these activities after the entry of the Red Army into the Stanisławów area in 1944 to be soon arrested by the Soviet security services (NKVD) and die in a jail most probably in early 1945.

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Mieczysław Limanowski - poeta geologii

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 6

319-322

EN

The Pole, Mieczysław Limanowski (18761947), now becoming a figure less and less remembered, has been a brilliant selftaught man of science and art, with erudite and wide-ranging mind which made him a scholar of great reputation. He became world famous as one of pioneers in the nappe tectonics of the Alpine ranges (Tatra Mts and Carpathians, Dinarides, Appenines, and mountain ranges of Sicily and Crimea). He had also successes in studies on the Quaternary and, as a nature scientist and humanist, original achievements also in studies on geography of the Man. At the same time, together with Juliusz Osterwa he established the Reduta theatre group considered to be Poland’s first theatre laboratory and one of the major artistic and ethical events in the Polish theatre of the XX century. He became an ideologist, literary manager, dramatic adviser, author of numerous reviews of plays and essays on art and literature. A colourful literary style, also clearly visible in his geological writings, earned him the opinion of a poet of geology.

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Losy Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego w czasie II wojny światowej – wspominając tych, którzy odeszli

Graniczny M., Miecznik J. B., Urban H., Wołkowicz K., Wołkowicz S.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 448 (2)

479--493

PL

Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny w czasie II wojny światowej został zreorganizowany i przemianowany na Amt für Bodenforschung, stając się częścią niemieckiej służby geologicznej. W tym czasie zatrudnieni geolodzy polscy wykonywali prace głównie z zakresu geologii stosowanej, a badania naukowe zostały znacznie ograniczone. W okresie poprzedzającym wybuch Powstania Warszawskiego najcenniejsze materiały zostały w tajemnicy przed okupantem zakopane, niemniej część dokumentów wywieziono w głąb Niemiec. W czasie okupacji część pracowników PIG brała czynny udział w ruchu oporu, specjalizując się głównie w dostarczaniu materiałów kartograficznych oraz planów niemieckich fortyfikacji wojskowych. Sposób kierowania Instytutem przez prof. R. Brinkmanna spowodował, że w tym czasie, poza przypadkiem L. Horowitza, właściwie nie było aresztowań pracowników. Niemniej straty osobowe były dość znaczne. Pracownicy i współpracownicy Instytut ginęli w obozach zagłady w pierwszym okresie wojny, w czasie Powstania Warszawskiego, wskutek przeżyć wojennych lub, jak B. Bujalski, zostali zamordowani przez NKWD.

EN

Polish Geological Institute was reorganized during Word War II renamed for Amt für Bodenforschung and included in the German geological survey. At that time, Polish geologists employed in “Amt” were performing mainly applied geological studies and scientific investigations were very restricted. Before the Warsaw Uprising most precious materials had been secretly hidden. Unfortunately, some of the documents were carried away to Germany. During occupation, part of the PGI staff was actively engaged in underground resistance. It specialized in delivery of cartographic materials and plans of the German military constructions to the underground army. German director of the Amt, Prof. R. Brinkmann behaved in such a way no employee was arrested, besides the case of L. Horwitz. Nevertheless, the personal losses were significant. Many employees and collaborators of the Institute perished in concentration camps, during the Warsaw Uprising, due to the hard conditions of the war or were murdered by the Nazi or, like B. Bujalski, by Soviet occupants.

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Uran w Polsce - historia poszukiwań i perspektywy odkrycia złóż

Miecznik J. B., Strzelecki R., Wołkowicz S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 10

688-697

EN

The plans for development of nuclear energy to cover Poland's needs for power raise the question of perspective domestic uranium resources. Prospecting for uranium deposits has been carried out with varying intensity since the end of the 1940s until the 1990s. In the early 1960s these works resulted in discovery of several uranium deposits and occurrences in the Sudetes. Outside of that region, uranium was also found and extracted from the Staszic piryte deposit in Rudki, the Holy Cross Mountains. Total production of uranium in these times in Poland is estimated at about 650 t. A new phase of prospecting was initiated by the Polish Geological Institute in 1956, resulting in discoveries of uranium mineralization in the Ordovician Dictyonema Shales in the Podlasie Depression and the Lower and Middle Triassic sediments in the Peribaltic Syneclise. Moreover, the so-called parallel studies, based on all the available geological and geophysical borehole data from the whole area of Poland, made it possible to analyze distribution of uranium in practically all geological units and formations in the country, especially in the Oligocene Menillite Shales of the Carpathians, the Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Zechstein copper-bearing shale and phosphates. The performed analyses, including large-scale geological works aimed at identifying uranium concentrations in the Dictyonema Shale of the Podlasie Depression, Triassic rocks of the Peribaltic Syneclise and Permo-Carboniferous rocks of the Intra-Sudetic Depression, gave us sufficient knowledge for evaluation of possible occurrences of uranium deposits in Poland. Based on our reanalysis of all available data, it may be stated that the Sudetic deposits are of historical importance only. The uranium concentrations known from Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian rocks (Grzmiąca,Wambierzyce and Okrzeszyn deposits and mineralization shows found in adjacent areas) should be treated as areas with anomalous uranium contents but, unfortunately, without any greater economic significance due to low uranium content, low resources and often observed strong association of uranium with organic matter. The Rajsk deposit and uranium concentrations in the Dictyonema Shale formations (Podlasie Depression) are characterized by low grade uranium mineralization and occurrence at depths of over 400mand, therefore, can not be considered as a potential source of uranium. The Triassic rocks of Peribaltic Syneclise represent a possible uranium deposit of the sandstone type. However, because of large depth of occurrence (over 800 m), usually very high variability in uranium content and location mainly in areas under legal protectiont, these resources should be hypothetical, that is requiring further studies. It may be stated that the degree of recognition of radioactivity of individual geological formations and structures minimizes chances for discovery of any deposits of industrial importance.