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2 Weiner A.

2 2006

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Paliwa sektora energetycznego i odpady chemii organicznej jako paliwo alternatywne a ochrona środowiska w Polsce w świetle przepisów Unii Europejskiej. Część II. Gospodarka paliwami a implementowanie aktów normatywnych Unii Europejskiej

Weiner A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2006

Tom 8

337-353

In the light of developing in the nineties structure of primal energy, so-called energetic self-sufficiency coefficient in Poland is decreasing from around 1 in the years 1980÷1995 to 0,8 in 2000 and to about 0,6 in the perspective of 2020. It is a result of making smaller usage of coal, of which resources however are considerable in the country and rise share of hydrocarbons, of which domestic resources are little not to say small. According to 2001/77/WE Directive in the matter of promotion of electric energy from renewable sources, every membership state is obliged to achieve to year 2010 the suitable participation of so-called green electric energy in total balance of electric energy manufactured. Appropriate coefficients were also agreed with candidate states. The index amounts 7.5% for Poland. It is ambitious purpose. Its realization should extort proper changes in the energy balance. Poland in order to fulfil the outlined coefficient will be forced to apply suitable supporting programs. These obligations will also increase the rival pressure, especially on market of the "conventional" power industry. Because the penetration of the green energy will be taking place on the cost of coal. It is difficult to estimate the temporal range of changes because discussed coefficient have only optional character at present. It is worthwhile however emphasizing that the Commission will have the right to assess fulfilment of coefficient purposes and suggest actions, which membership states (including Poland) will already be obligated to fulfil under threat of financial punishments. On the other hand supporting the development of the renewable sources of energy is a chance for companies which can turn up to the market of producers as new subjects. Knowing the energy politics of European Commission, which membership states must hold on to, it is possible to predict direction of changes also in Poland. The politics is becoming more predictable this way, and investment risk, in this case concerning the renewable energetics, is burdened with smaller anxieties. At present in developed countries of the world, a series of updated continuously technologies of waste utilisation is applied. The most common is burning which can be led in different processes e.g. direct burning in the chamber, rotational, fluidal burning, etc. There are also other methods of thermal utilisation of waste, such as pyrolysis or utilisation in plasma couple. So domestic and industrial waste or their mixtures both in the solid as well as liquid state can be alternative fuels (substitute, secondary) used in the industry as the substitute of conventional fuels.

Paliwa sektora energetycznego i odpady chemii organicznej jako paliwo alternatywne a ochrona środowiska w Polsce w świetle przepisów Unii Europejskiej. Część I. Paliwa sektora energetycznego

Weiner A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2006

Tom 8

315-335

Poland belongs to countries in Europe on average rich in fossil fuels. After the 2nd world war, as a result of search works conducted in the big scale, large deposits of hard coal, considerable reserves of lignite coal, moderate reserves of natural gas and small reserves of petroleum were discovered. The part of deposits was discovered in mining regions already known, like e.g. hard coal in upper-Silesian coal basin, or petroleum and natural gas in the eastern part of Carpatian, but fundamental growth of resources was substantiated in new areas: Lublin coal basin, Jastrzębie Zdrój, central and western Poland, Foreland of Carpatian, Sudety monocline as well as Pomerania and the Baltic Sea [1]. Hard coal is without a doubt main mineral resource of our country and through many years after 2nd world war was the base for the Polish economy, mainly for the heavy industry (smelting industry, chemical industry, energy understood widely). It decided about almost full independence of Poland from supplies of natural gas and petroleum, mainly from the east, then Soviet Union and today Russia [2]. According to examinations which were carried out in the Institute of Mineral Resources and Energy Economy PAoS, at the rational exploitation of coal with the respect of its stores, it will be possible to cover domestic needs for this raw material through about 70 years, however covering domestic needs from active at present levels of mines, at present not fully rational economy of resources, it will be enough for about 28 years. It is possible to lengthen this period to about 50 years after making new mining levels available and new deposits in those mines. If needs for hard coal will stay on the present level a necessity of construction of new mines will occur in year 2025. On account of running out of reserves of the lignite coal in deposits exploited at present, after year 2015 its extraction will start to decrease. Construction of mines will become current in the new Legnica basin, with using the potential of copper deposits exploitation fading out at that time in Lubin area. It is possible to predict, that deposits of the lignite coal, the ones substantiated already and the ones which will be discovered will make part of the base for manufacturing electric energy in the 21st century. About 250 deposits of the natural gas were discovered in Poland. Total their balance stores are at present 148 mld m3 and industrial 77 mld m3. When considering worldwide conditions, these deposits are small ones. Carrying drill activity connected with the search of petroleum and natural gas deposits may create risks for elements of the natural environment mainly as a result storing drilling wastewater and waste with unique properties.