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1

Postępy w kontroli emisji SO2 i NOx w chińskim przemyśle hutniczym

Liu Z., Zhang Y., Han B., Tan Z., Li Q.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

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T. 97, nr 3

473--480

PL

Dokonano przeglądu najnowszych postępów w dziedzinie technologii kontroli emisji SO₂ i NOₓ w przemyśle hutniczym w Chinach. Technologie mokrego odsiarczania gazów (WFGD), w tym metodę wapienną FGD z produkcją gipsu, dwualkaliczną FGD, amoniakalną FGD oraz magnezytową FGD stosuje się w 85,2% działających instalacji odsiarczania. Metody te charakteryzuje dojrzałość, duża wydajność oraz zadowalające możliwości dostosowawcze. Mimo to największymi problemami pozostają korozja, wtórne zanieczyszczenie powietrza oraz niepożądane produkty uboczne. W porównaniu z technologiami WFGD technologie suchego i półsuchego odsiarczania mają mniejszy udział w rynku, pomimo małego zużycia rozpuszczalników i małego wtórnego zanieczyszczenia powietrza. Technologia de-NOx dla przemysłu hutniczego wciąż pozostaje na wczesnym etapie rozwoju, zaś w chińskim przemyśle hutniczym pracuje obecnie zaledwie kilka instalacji de-NOx. W technologii selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej (SCR) drzemie wielki potencjał dotyczący kontroli emisji NOₓ, pod warunkiem że katalizatory niskotemperaturowe będą dostępne w rozsądnych cenach. Trwa rozwój technologii jednoczesnego usuwania SO₂ i NOₓ, tak aby sprostać surowym normom emisji zanieczyszczeń powietrza dla przemysłu hutniczego w Chinach.

EN

A review, with 53 refs., of wet and semi-dry flue gas desulfurization technols. as well as of processes for catalytic redn. of N oxides. In particular, maturity, high efficiency, reasonable adaptability, corrosion, secondary air pollution, and unwanted byproducts were taken into consideration.

2

Experiment on pressure characteristics of submerged floating tunnel with different section types under wave condition

Li Q., Jiang S., Chen X.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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S 3

54--60

EN

Submerged floating tunnel (SFT for short) is a special underwater traffic structure, and wave load is one of the main environmental loads of SFT structure. In this paper, the 1:60 physical model test of three kinds of SFT in a two-dimensional wave flume is tested. The effects of random irregular waves on the SFT structure under different wave heights and periods are discussed. The study shows that: (1) Compared with circular and polygonal sections, there are multiple local peaks in the elliptical section during the period. with the increase of wave height, the number of local peaks also increases. It suggests that the rotational moment plays an important role in the elliptical section which has a relatively small depth-width ratio. (2) The position of the maximum and minimum pressure in the three kinds of SFT sections is consistent. Their vertical wave forces are all larger than their horizontal wave forces. The increase of vertical wave force relative to horizontal wave force in polygon section is larger than that in elliptical section, and the difference in the circular section is the smallest. (3) Under the same traffic condition, the wave force of the elliptical and polygon section is smaller, but they are more sensitive to the change of wave height, and the increase is obvious. The distribution of wave force in the circular section is more uniform.

3

Calculation and measurement of tide height for the navigation of ship at high tide using artificial neural network

Li Q., Bing-Dong Y., Bi-Guang H.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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S 3

99--110

EN

Accurate tide height is crucial for the safe navigation of large deep-draft ships when they enter and leave the port. We have proposed an accurate forecasting method for the tide heights from the observation data and neural networks, which can easily calculate the tidal window period of large deep-draft ships’ navigation through long channels at high tide. Moreover, an artificial neural network is established for the tide height from the observation of tide heights before their current time node. For an ideal forecast, the neural network was optimized for one year with the tide height data of Huanghua Port. In case of large ships, their tidal characteristics of channels for are complex. A new method is proposed for the observation of multiple stations and artificial neural networks of each observation station. When ships are navigating through the port, the tide height is predicted from the observed data and forecast tide heights of multiple observation stations. Thus, a valid tidal window period is secured when the ships enter the port. Comparative analysis of the ship’s tidal window period with that of the measured one can lead us to conclude that the forecasted data has a strong correlation with the measurement. So, our proposed algorithm can accurately predict the tide height and calculate the node timing when the ship enters and depart the port. Finally, these results can be applied for the safe navigation of large deep-draft ships when the port is at high tide.

4

Adsorption of congo red from aqueous solutions by porous soybean curd xerogels

Zhang Z., Li Y., Du Q., Li Q.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2018

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Vol. 20, nr 3

95--102

EN

Soybean curd is a very popular food containing high-quality protein, polyunsaturated fats, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. This study aims to prepare porous soybean curd xerogels via a vacuum freeze drying method and uses them as adsorbents to remove congo red from aqueous solutions. The morphology and functional groups of the soybean curd xerogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The adsorption properties of congo red onto the soybean curd xerogels were carried out through investigating the influencing experimental parameters such as the drying method, solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption kinetics of congo red onto the soybean curd followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, were also determined.

5

Estimation of small uav position and attitude with reliable in-flight initial alignment for MEMS inertial sensors

Wang D., Dong Y., Li Q., Wu J., Wen Y.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 3

603--616

EN

The advance of MEMS-based inertial sensors successfully expands their applications to small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), thus resulting in the challenge of reliable and accurate in-flight alignment for air-borne MEMS-based inertial navigation system (INS). In order to strengthen the rapid response capability for UAVs, this paper proposes a robust in-flight alignment scheme for airborne MEMS-INS aided by global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Aggravated by noisy MEMS sensors and complicated flight dynamics, a rotation-vector-based attitude determination method is devised to tackle the in-flight coarse alignment problem, and the technique of innovation-based robust Kalman filtering is used to handle the adverse impacts of measurement outliers in GNSS solutions. The results of flight test have indicated that the proposed alignment approach can accomplish accurate and reliable in-flight alignment in cases of measurement outliers, which has a significant performance improvement compared with its traditional counterparts.

6

Finite-time adaptive modified function projective multi-lag generalized compound synchronization for multiple uncertain chaotic systems

Li Q., Liu S., Chen Y.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2018

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Vol. 28, no. 4

613--624

EN

In this paper, for multiple different chaotic systems with fully unknown parameters, a novel synchronization scheme called ‘modified function projective multi-lag generalized compound synchronization’ is put forward. As an advantage of the new method, not only the addition and subtraction, but also the multiplication of multiple chaotic systems are taken into consideration. This makes the signal hidden channels more abundant and the signal hidden methods more flexible. By virtue of finite-time stability theory and an adaptive control technique, a finite-time adaptive control scheme is established to realize the finite-time synchronization and to properly evaluate the unknown parameters. A detailed theoretical derivation and a specific numerical simulation demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the advanced scheme.

7

Mechanical properties and abrasive wear behaviors of in situ nano-TiCx/Al–Zn–Mg–Cu composites fabricated by combustion synthesis and hot press consolidation

Gao Y. Y., Qiu F., Shu S. L., Wang L., Chang F., Hu W., Han X., Li Q., Jiang Q. C.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, no. 1

179--187

EN

The in situ nano-TiCx/Al–Zn–Mg–Cu composites with different TiCx content (20, 25 and 30 vol.%) were successfully fabricated by combustion synthesis and hot press consolidation in Al–Ti–C/CNTs systems. The compressive properties and abrasive wear resistance of the composites improved with the increase in the TiCx content. The transformation of carbon source from pure C black to the mixture of C black and CNTs to pure CNTs in Al–Ti–C/CNTs systems leaded to a significant improvement in the compressive properties and wear resistance of the composites as well as a significant decrease in the average size of TiCx particles. The average size of the nano-TiCx particles in 30 vol.% TiCx/Al–Zn–Mg–Cu composite synthesized by the carbon source of CNTs reached 81 nm, moreover, the yield strength (σ0.2), the ultimate compression strength (σUCS) and the fracture strain (ɛf) of the composite reached 597 MPa, 882 MPa and 21.7%, respectively.

8

Simulation of the Microtremor H/V Spectrum Based on the Theory of Surface Wave Propagation in a Layered Half-space

Zhang Z., Chen X., Gao M., Li Z., Li Q.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 2

121--130

EN

Subsurface velocity structures must be estimated to predict longperiod ground motions and seismic hazards. Subsurface velocity structures can be constructed via an inversion of the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio of microtremor (MHV) curves; thus, a method of simulating the MHV curves is key. In this study, we use the H/V spectral ratio of the surface wave (SHV) based on the surface wave propagation theory in a layered half-space to simulate the MHV curves at sites A and B of the Yuxi basin. Then, we attempt to analyze the features of the SHV curves. We find the H/V ratio of the microtremor loading source to be independent of the peak frequency of the SHV curve, but it has some relation to the amplitude of the SHV curve. Moreover, to reduce the error in subsurface velocity structures obtained by the MHV curves, we suggest that the SHV curves at near-peak frequencies should not be considered in the inversion, because the amplitude deviation is higher at the peak frequency of the MHV curve. In addition, the best frequency ranges for the inversion of the microtremor H/V spectrum are between the peak and trough frequencies of the microtremor H/V spectrum.

9

Calibration of backward-in-time model using drifting buoys in the East China Sea

Yu F., Li J., Zhao Y., Li Q., Chen G.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (3)

238--247

EN

In the process of oil exploitation and transportation, large amounts of crude oil are often spilled, resulting in serious pollution of the marine environment. Forecasting oil spill reverse trajectories to determine the exact oil spill sources is crucial for taking proactive and effective emergency measures. In this study, the backward-in-time model (BTM) is proposed for identifying sources of oil spills in the East China Sea. The wind, current and random walk are three major factors in the simulation of oil spill sources. The wind drag coefficient varies along with the uncertainty of the wind field, and the random walk is sensitive to various traits of different regions, these factors are taken as constants in most of the state-of-the-art studies. In this paper, a self-adaptive modification mechanism for drift factors is proposed, which depends on a data set derived from the drifter buoys deployed over the East China Sea shelf. It can be well adapted to the regional characteristics of different sea areas. The correlation factor between predicted positions and actual locations of the drifters is used to estimate optimal coefficients of the BTM. A comparison between the BTM and the traditional method is also made in this study. The results presented in this paper indicate that our method can be used to predict the actual specific spillage locations.

10

Power Allocation for Energy-Harvesting-based Fading Cognitive Multiple Access Channels : with or without Successive Interference Cancellation

Li Q., Xu D.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 1

65--72

EN

This paper considers a fading cognitive multiple access channel (CMAC), where multiple secondary users (SUs), who share the spectrum with a primary user (PU), transmit to a cognitive base station (CBS). A power station is assumed to harvest energy from the nature and then provide power to the SUs. We investigate the power allocation problems for such a CMAC to maximize the SU sum rate under the interference power constraint, the sum transmit power constraint and the peak transmit power constraint of each individual SU. In particular, two scenarios are considered: with successive interference cancellation (SIC) and without SIC. For the first scenario, the optimal power allocation algorithm is derived. For the second scenario, a heuristic algorithm is proposed. We show that the proposed algorithm with SIC outperforms the algorithm without SIC in terms of the SU sum rate, while the algorithm without SIC outperforms the algorithm with SIC in terms of the number of admitted SUs for a high sum transmit power limit and a low peak transmit power limit of each individual SU.

11

Experimental study on surface characteristics and improvement of microelectrode machined by low speed wire electrical discharge turning

Sun Y., Gong Y., Liu Y., Li Q., Zhou Y.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, no. 4

964--977

EN

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) as the nontraditional machining process has a unique superiority in fabricating microelectrodes due to its non-contact removal mechanism. Therefore, the method of LS-WEDT (low speed wire electrical discharge turning) is firstly proposed to fabricate microelectrodes in this study. More importantly, the multiple cutting strategy is introduced to divide the machining process into rough cut (RC), trim cut (TC) and finishing trim cut (FTC). Experimental results showed that the ridges will appear after RC, the spherical droplets congregation phenomenon can be observed after TC and the surface will be covered with refined grains in nano level after FTC, which disclosed the unique surface characteristics of LS-WEDT. After FTC, the microelectrode of 90 μm in diameter and 1000 μm in length is successfully and firstly fabricated by LS-WEDT method, moreover, it has good surface quality with Ra of 0.59 μm and high dimensional precision with surface profile accuracy of 3.22 μm. Additionally, the comparative analysis was made to investigate the LS-WEDTed and LS-WEDMed surface, the discharge craters distributed in LS-WEDTed surface are longer than LS-WEDM. Finally, the surface quality machined by LS-WEDT after FTC is better than LS-WEDM, which is attributed to the point contact and good flushing conditions.

12

Generation of cyber-security reinforcement strategies for smart grid based on the attribute-based attack graph

Zhang B., Li Q., Zhang Y., Liu X., Ni Z.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2016

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Vol. 96, nr 3

170--177

EN

A smart grid is a kind of energy cyber-physical system (ECPS) with the interdependency of information and physicality. A cyber-attack gravely threatens the safe and stable operation of a physical power grid. Cyber-security reinforcement of smart grid has become a research issue. However, the information network scale of a smart grid is massive, and the generation of security reinforcement strategies has become a problem. Therefore, a generation method of security reinforcement strategies based on an attribute-based attack graph was proposed in this study. The method defined a smart grid based on premise and consequence attributes to form an attribute-based attack graph. With this graph, the method for the generation of security reinforcement strategies was transferred to the minimum dominating set of the attribute-based attack graph and solved to realize space reduction in the security reinforcement strategies. An algorithm for the generation of security reinforcement strategies was designed based on the greedy algorithm, and strategies for large-scale cyber security reinforcement of the smart grid were determined to eliminate the complexity and difficulty of this problem effectively. Through a simulation analysis of a large-scale node network, the efficiency of the generation method of reinforcement strategies based on the attribute based attack graph and minimum dominating set was verified. Results show that the proposed method can be used for security reinforcement of large-scale complicated networks of a smart grid.

13

Research on bispectrum analysis of secondary feature for vehicle exterior noise based on nonnegative tucker3 decomposition

Wang H., Deng G., Li Q., Kang Q.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 2

291--298

EN

Nowadays, analysis of external vehicle noise has become more and more difficult for NVH (noise vibration and harshness) engineer to find out the fault among the exhaust system when some significant features are masked by the jamming signals, especially in the case of the vibration noise associating to the bodywork. New method is necessary to be explored and applied to decompose a high-order tensor and extract the useful features (also known as secondary features in this paper). Nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition (NTD) is proposed and applied into secondary feature extraction for its high efficiency of decomposition and well property of physical architecture, which serves as fault diagnosis of exhaust system for an automobile car. Furthermore, updating algorithm conjugating with Newton-Gaussian gradient decent is utilized to solve the problem of overfitting, which occurs abnormally on traditional iterative method of NTD. Extensive experimen results show the bispectrum of secondary features can not only exceedingly interpret the state of vehicle exterior noise, but also be benefit to observe the abnormal frequency of some important features masked before. Meanwhile, the overwhelming performance of NTD algorithm is verified more effective under the same condition, comparing with other traditional methods both at the deviation of successive relative error and the computation time.

PL

Obecnie inżynierowie NVH (zajmujący się problematyką hałasu, drgań i uciążliwości akustycznych) napotykają na coraz większe trudności przy analizie hałasu zewnętrznego pojazdów wynikające z faktu, że istotne cechy związane z nieprawidłowościami układu wydechowego są maskowane przez sygnały zakłócające, szczególnie hałas wibracyjny związany z pracą nadwozia. Niezbędna jest zatem nowa metoda, która pozwoli rozkładać tensory wysokiego rzędu i wyodrębniać przydatne cechy (zwane w tym artykule także cechami drugorzędnymi). Do ekstrakcji cech drugorzędnych wykorzystano w prezentowanej pracy metodę nieujemnej faktoryzacji tensorów znaną także jako nieujemna dekompozycja Tuckera 3 (NTD) , która cechuje się wysoką efektywnością dekompozycji i może być wykorzystywana w diagnostyce uszkodzeń układu wydechowego samochodów. Problem nadmiernego dopasowania, który występuje w tradycyjnej metodzie iteracyjnej NTD rozwiązano przy pomocy algorytmu aktualizacyjnego sprzężonego z gradientem prostym Newtona-Gaussa. Wyniki doświadczeń pokazują, że bispektrum cech drugorzędnych nie tylko pozwala doskonale interpretować stan hałasu zewnętrznego pojazdu, ale również umożliwia wykrywanie wcześniej maskowanych nieprawidłowych częstotliwości odpowiadających niektórym ważnym cechom. Badania potwierdzają, że algorytmu NTD jest bardziej efektywny, w tych samych warunkach, w porównaniu z innymi tradycyjnymi metodami zarówno w zakresie odchyleń błędu względnego jak i czasu obliczeń.

14

Homomorphisms Between Covering Approximation Spaces

Lang G., Li Q., Guo L.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2015

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Vol. 138, nr 3

351--371

EN

The introduction of information system homomorphisms has made a substantial contribution to attribute reduction. However, the efforts made on homomorphisms are far from sufficient. This paper further investigates homomorphisms between covering approximation spaces. First, we introduce the concepts of upper and lower homomorphisms as well as homomorphisms in order to study the relationship between covering approximation spaces. Then we present the notions of covering approximation subspaces and product spaces. We also compress covering approximation spaces and covering information systems with the aim of attribute reduction. Afterwards, by utilizing the compressions of the original spaces and systems we compress the dynamic covering approximation spaces and dynamic covering information systems. Several illustrative examples are employed to demonstrate that the homomorphisms provide an effective approach for compressing covering approximation spaces and covering information systems.

15

Compression of Dynamic Fuzzy Relation Information Systems

Cai M., Li Q.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2015

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Vol. 142, nr 1-4

285--306

EN

The notion of homomorphism, as an important tool for studying the relationship between information systems, has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, and the authors tend to pay their attention to static information systems in the existing studies. In the present paper, we aim to study homomorphisms between fuzzy relation information systems (FRISs) in dynamic environments, where the terminology of dynamic refers to the fact that the involved information systems need to be updated with time due to the inflow of new information. To be more specific, we firstly examine properties of consistent functions with respect to fuzzy relations and construct homomorphisms between FRISs. Then, we develop incremental mechanisms of computing homomorphisms between dynamic FRISs and illustrate how to construct relation reducts of dynamic FRISs using homomorphisms. Lastly, the experimental results are employed to demonstrate that compressing dynamic FRISs can be simplified significantly with the proposed algorithms.

16

Internal Friction of Phase Transformations Observed Around Room Temperature in Ga-In-Sn Eutectic Alloys

Jin M., Li Q., Ying R., Lu X., Jin X., Ding X.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

2097--2100

EN

The phase transformation phenomena in eutectic Ga-In-Sn alloys around room temperature are studied by thermal analysis, internal friction, and in-situ XRD methods. The results show that in addition to the solidification transformation, a novel the so-called ‘pre-solidification’ phase transition, demonstrating first-order feature, is observed prior to the crystallization during cooling. The internal friction increases when the ‘pre-solidification’ effect occurs. The shear modulus increases until crystallization. An internal friction peak is attributed to the melting process observed during heating. The mechanism of the ‘pre-solidification’ transformation in Ga-In-Sn eutectic alloy is discussed.

PL

Zjawiska przemian fazowych w eutektycznych stopach Ga-In-Sn, około temperatury pokojowej, badane są metodami analizy termicznej, tarcia wewnętrznego i XRD in-situ. Wyniki pokazują, że w dodatku do przemiany krzepnięcia, nowa przemiana tzw. „wstępne krzepnięcie”, o charakterze przemiany pierwszego rzędu, obserwowana jest przed krystalizacją podczas chłodzenia. Tarcie wewnętrzne zwiększa się, gdy występuje „wstępnie krzepnięcie”. Moduł sprężystości poprzecznej zwiększa się aż do krystalizacji. Wewnętrzny pik tarcia przypisany jest do topienia obserwowanego podczas ogrzewania. Omówiono mechanizm przemiany „wstępnego krzepnięcia” w eutektycznym stopie Ga-In-Sn.

17

Modal parameter identification of cable stayed bridge based on exploratory data analysis

Khan I., Shan D., Li Q.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 61, nr 2

3--22

EN

In order to identify the modal parameters of civil structures it is vital to distinguish the defective data from that of appropriate and accurate data. The defects in data may be due to various reasons like defects in the data collection, malfunctioning of sensors, etc. For this purpose Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) was engaged to envisage the distribution of sensor’s data and to detect the malfunctioning with in the sensors. Then outlier analysis was performed to remove those data points which may disrupt the accurate data analysis. Then Data Driven Stochastic Sub-space Identification (DATA-SSI) was engaged to perform the modal parameter identification. In the end to validate the accuracy of the proposed method stabilization diagrams were plotted. Sutong Bridge, one of the largest span cable stayed bridge was used as a case study and the suggested technique was employed. The results obtained after employing the above mentioned techniques are very valuable, accurate and effective.

PL

Jako, że infrastruktura lądowa, a w szczególności mosty o długich przęsłach, ulega z czasem starzeniu, wzrasta również istotność jej zrównoważonej ekonomicznie konserwacji. Ze względu na fakt, że tradycyjne techniki oględzin są zarówno czasochłonne, jak i kosztowne, konieczne jest opracowanie bardziej wiarygodnego i skutecznego systemu monitorowania mostów o długich przęsłach w celu ciągłego monitorowania zachowania się konstrukcji na podstawie szybkiej i dokładnej analizy danych. Ponieważ system monitorowania wykazuje anomalie w wyniku wadliwego funkcjonowania czujników lub awarii systemu, konieczne jest opracowanie efektywnej i skutecznej techniki, która umożliwi szybkie wykrywanie takich anomalii oraz prezentowanie ich w sposób bardziej profesjonalny. Dlatego w niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono metodę Eksploracyjnej Analizy Danych (EAD). Od kilkudziesięciu lat, wyznaczanie parametrów modalnych odgrywa coraz większą rolę, ponieważ dostarcza innowacyjnych narzędzi, umożliwiających zrozumienie i kontrolowanie optymalizacji projektu oraz oceny wytrzymałości konstrukcyjnej obiektu. Istnieje szereg technik SSI, takich, jak Covariance Driven SSI, Data Driven (DATA-SSI), jak również kombinacje innych metod, takich, jak techniki SSI Expectation Maximization (EM-SSI) czy Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Niniejsze opracowanie opisuje zastosowanie techniki DATA-SSI z pewnymi ulepszeniami w odniesieniu do faktycznie istniejącego mostu o długich przęsłach. W przypadku danych gromadzonych na dużą skalę, zrozumienie zestawów danych zawierających cokolwiek więcej, niż tylko szereg punktów danych bez zastosowania efektywnej techniki jest praktycznie niemożliwe. Ponieważ dane gromadzone w trakcie monitorowania stanu mostów mają z reguły ogromną objętość, a niewiele wiadomo na temat funkcji gęstości prawdopodobieństwa (PDF), zawsze zaleca się, aby inżynier przeanalizował dane w celu określenia i wskazania najważniejszych cech danych, zanim zastosuje techniki ilościowe; podstawową przeszkodą dla inżyniera jest w tym wypadku czas. EDA to najpotężniejsze narzędzie, wspomagające eksplorowanie „wewnętrznych sekretów” danych w sposób szczegółowy przy znacznym ograniczeniu czasu trwania obliczeń. Eksploracyjny charakter EDA może okazać się wystarczający dla wielu zastosowań SHM. Jakkolwiek istnieje wiele technik graficznej reprezentacji danych, w niniejszym opracowaniu omówimy zaledwie kilka z nich, aby zilustrować dokładność i skuteczność EDA – takie, jak wykresy kontrolne, krzywe Andrewsa oraz histogramy. W przypadku faktycznie istniejących konstrukcji lądowych na wielką skalę, w danych zawsze pojawiają się szumy i zniekształcenia; zasadniczo, nie istnieją z góry zdefiniowane informacje na temat liczby modułów podlegających przetworzeniu. Podstawową przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy są niepewności związane z określeniem rzędu układu. Dlatego używa się diagramu stabilizacji w celu rozróżnienia pomiędzy szumami lub fałszywymi biegunami a prawdziwymi biegunami układu. Diagram stabilizacji jest de facto rysunkową ilustracją występowania biegunów przy tej samej częstotliwości w wyniku zwiększania rzędu modelu modalnego w celu przedstawienia stanu fizycznego rzędu układu. Na podstawie procedury DATA-SSI, diagram stabilizacji wykreślono dla danych otrzymanych dla mostu Sutong. Most Sutong jest to most nad rzeką Jangcy i jeden z najdłuższych mostów wantowych, łączący Changshu i Nantong. Jest to most o siedmiu przęsłach, dwupylonowy, wantowy, w formie stalowej konstrukcji skrzynkowej o rozpiętości najdłuższego przęsła wynoszącej 1088m, przy czym łączna długość mostu wynosi: 100+100+300+1088+300+ 100+100=2088m. Aby wyznaczyć parametry modalne mostu Sutong, pobrano dane z 14 czujników – akcelerometrów, zainstalowanych na moście. Ogromna ilość danych, pobranych z systemu SHM na moście Sutong, została w pierwszej kolejności poddana wizualizacji przy pomocy EDA, aby określić najważniejsze tendencje oraz trendy w danych, ponieważ reprezentacja graficzna danych jest szybka i dokładna oraz umożliwia ogromną oszczędność czasu w porównaniu z technikami obliczeniowymi. Następnie przeprowadzono analizę odchyleń w celu odrzucenia ze zbioru danych budzących wątpliwości. Następnie wprowadzono technikę DATA-SSI, zapewniającą większą niezawodność i stabilność wyników. Na podstawie DATA-SSI określono parametry modalne, takie, jak częstotliwość czy wartość tłumienia, a wyniki wskazują, że proponowana metoda znakomicie broni się merytorycznie. Następnie sporządzono diagram stabilizacji, aby zweryfikować stwierdzony wstępnie prymat metody. Wyniki, pozyskane za pomocą wyżej wymienionych technik, są nie tylko autentyczne, ale też niezwykle efektywne, co sugeruje możliwość znaczącej poprawy rezultatów monitoringu, prowadzonego w terenie.

18

Synthesis, structure and performance of calcium silicate ion exchangers from recycled container glass

Coleman N. J., Li Q., Raza A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2014

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Vol. 50, iss. 1

5--16

EN

Numerous technical, economic and societal factors limit the recycling of waste soda-lime-silica glass back into the primary production process and accordingly alternative applications for this material are sought. This study demonstrates that waste soda-lime-silica container glass is a suitable feedstock material for the production of tobermorite, a calcium silicate cation exchanger. Tobermorites were synthesised at 100 °C from stoichiometric mixtures of container glass and lime under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. Increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide (between 1.0 M and 4.0 M) in the reaction mixture promoted the formation and crystallisation of tobermorite, and also resulted in greater fragmentation of the silicate chains along the b-axis direction. The maximum removal capacities of these tobermorite specimens for Cd2+ (441 mg g-1) and Zn2+ (122 mg g-1) compared well with those of other waste-derived sorbents. Superior Cd2+- and Zn2+-uptake capacities and kinetics were observed for the least crystalline tobermorite specimen, indicating that stacking defects facilitate the transport and exchange of cations within the lattice.

19

Inquire into the marvellousness of autofrettage for mono-layered cylinders

Zhu R., Li Q

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2014

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Vol. 52 nr 2

359--372

EN

With the help of the equation of optimum overstrain or depth of the plastic zone, a set of concise and accurate equations for residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stresses are obtained, and features of these stresses are discussed, thereupon the law of distribution and the varying tendency of these stresses become clearer. Safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for a cylinder are presented.

20

Multi-composition analysis in Radix Aconiti Lateralis by single marker quantitation

Yang H., Yin H., Wang Z., Fan L., Li Q., Zhu X.

Acta Chromatographica

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2014

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Vol. 26, no. 4

727--737

EN

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in many countries for thousands of years and played an indispensable role in the prevention and treatment of diseases, especially the complicated and chronic ones. However, the application of TCM in diseases is still not fully recognized by people around the world, the main reason is that Chinese herb is a very complex mixture containing hundreds of different components. Thus, it is essential to make quality control and evaluation of TCM. A new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS), was developed to the quality control of alkaloids in TCM, a case study on Radix aconiti lateralis, named Fuzi in Chinese. Six alkaloids, including aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine, benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine, and benzoylhypaconine, were selected as main components to evaluate the quality of Radix aconiti lateralis. The feasibility and accuracy of QAMS were checked by the external standard method, and various high-performance liquid chromatographic instruments and chromatographic conditions were investigated to verify its applicability. Using aconitine as the internal reference substance and the content of aconitine was calculated according to relative correction factors by high-performance liquid chromatography. The present results showed that there was no significant difference observed between the QAMS method and the external standard method with the relative average deviations less than 3.0%, and QAMS is an effective way to control the quality of herbal medicines and seems to be a convenient and accurate approach to analyze multi-composition when reference substances are unavailable.