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1

Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation of Declining Segetal Flora : The Case of Stachys annua (Lamiaceae) Populations Established in North-Eastern Poland

Skrajna T., Kubicka H., Gozdowski D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 1

23--35

EN

Stachys annua is a short-lived archaeophyte. In Poland it has been classified as threatened with extinction (VU). It prefers carbonate soils and occurs as a weed in cropped and stubble fields in traditionally farmed areas. Study of the occurrence of Stachys annua in North-Eastern Poland was conducted in 2009-2012 at four sites where the species occupied a minimum area of 30 m2 and occurred at each stage of a 4-year crop rotation (spring cereals, winter cereals, tuber crops and stubble fields). The floristically richest communities (25-34 species) were established in unploughed stubble fields, regardless of the habitat conditions. Phytocenoses with S. annua included rare species as demonstrated by high values of floristic value index (FV ranges from 25 to 36). Principle Component Analysis and Spearman rank correlations between plant traits and habitat conditions pointed to soil pH as the factor which determined S. annua phenotypic variation, in particular its height and seed production. The greatest phenotypic variation was found on the alkaline habitat, rich in nitrogen. On the other hand, the cluster analysis showed that the studied populations of inert nitrogen-poor habitats were the most similar. Electrophoretic analysis of storage proteins from S. annua seeds revealed a relatively high genetic similarity of studied populations which was reflected in the similarity coefficients — 0.76 and 0.61 by Dice and Jaccard, respectively. In the case of small or fragmented populations this poses a threat associated with inbreeding and genetic drift of S. annua, which indicates that populations of this species in the study area need to be protected from extinction.

2

Znaczenie rekultywacji i zagospodarowania gruntów w Polsce w kontekście ochrony środowiska

Gonda-Soroczyńska E., Kubicka H.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr I/1

163--175

PL

Artykuł porusza problematykę rekultywacji i ponownego zagospodarowania zdegradowanych gruntów w Polsce. Prowadzenie działań naprawczych związanych z rekultywacją jest wyrazem dbałości o środowisko i ma wpływ na ograniczenie negatywnego wpływu człowieka na otoczenie. Stosowane w tym celu środki powinny rekompensować utracone wartości. W celu prawidłowego funkcjonowania procesów rekultywacyjnych, planowanie wszelkich działań naprawczych na terenach zdegradowanych powinno odbywać się na jak najwcześniejszym etapie. Na podstawie dostępnych danych o wielkościach powierzchni zdegradowanych szczegółowo przeanalizowano zagadnienia związane z terenami zdegradowanymi i zdewastowanymi, wymagającymi rekultywacji oraz zrekultywowanymi i w dalszej kolejności zagospodarowanymi. Zwrócono uwagę na wielkość występowania omawianego zjawiska w celu określenia skali problemu z uwzględnieniem aspektu przestrzennego. Prowadzona analiza polegała również na określeniu działalności, w wyniku której powstaje największa ilość terenów zdegradowanych, jak również na wyznaczeniu dominujących kierunków prowadzenia rekultywacji. Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie jak kształtuje się podejście do prowadzenia działań rekultywacyjnych w ostatnich latach w Polsce.

EN

The article discusses the problems of reclamation and redevelopment of degraded land in Poland. Conducting corrective activities, related to land reclamation, remains the manifestation of care for the environment and has impact on reducing negative human influence on the environment. The measures used for this purpose should compensate for the lost values. Planning any corrective activities in degraded areas should take place at the earliest possible stage for the reclamation processes to function properly. The problems related to degraded and devastated areas, requiring reclamation or reclaimed and later developed, were analyzed in detail based on the available data about the size of degraded areas. Attention was paid to the size of the discussed phenomenon occurrence in order to determine the scale of the problem, having considered its spatial aspect. The conducted analysis also consisted in specifying activities as a result of which the largest degraded area is created, as well as identifying the leading directions of such reclamation. The article presents an attempt to answer the question about the approach towards reclamation activities in recent years in Poland.

3

Morphological and genetic diversity of Isopyrum thalictroides L. (Ranunculaceae) populations of isolated forest fragments of different sizes in East Central Poland

Skrajna T., Kubicka H., Ługowska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 1

23--37

EN

Isopyrum thalictroides is classified as an indicator species of the socalled ‘old-growth forests’. It occurs in shady deciduous forests and is a characteristic species of the order Fagetalia silvaticae. In many parts of Europe and Poland, it is classified in Red Lists of endangered species with different threat levels. Studies of an occurrence of I. thalictroides were carried out in the years 2000–2002 and 2010–2012 to examine changes in the abundance and morphological and genetic diversity of populations inhabiting small mid-field forest fragments (populations 2–4) and a compact forest (1 population), all located in east central Poland. Isopyrum thalictroides cover declined drastically at all isolated sites (from 83 to 93%) whereas the whole species diversity of these phytocenoses increased. By contrast, in the compact forest both, the area occupied by I. thalictroides population and the total community composition only slightly changed over time. When I. thalictroides plants sampled from all studied sites were compared in terms of the biometrical characteristics, populations 3 and 4 were found to be most similar, population 1 was less similar and population 2 was the most different of all populations, probably due to strong anthropogenic pressure. Electrophoretic analysis of seed and leaf storage proteins of Isopyrum thalictroides obtained from the four sites demonstrated that the populations were quite similar genetically, no matter how distant they were from each another. Population 2 was the most diverse, followed by population 1 whereas populations 3 and 4 were the most similar. A decreasing genetic distance in the I. thalictroides population would lead to inbreeding as seed setting by the plants will be poorer and the seeds will be less viable, which will result in a lower number of plants per a given area. The decreased gene pool indicates that the population of I. thalictroides is threatened with extinction in this area. Therefore, it is warranted to undertake some conservation measures to protect the species; hence the need arises to monitor it.

4

Phenotypic variation in relation to seed storage protein polymorphism in Bromus secalinus L. (Gramineae) populations from North-Eastern Poland

Skrajna T., Kubicka H., Rzymowska Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

41-55

EN

Bromus secalinus L. is an annual speirochoric species growing in agrocenoses of winter crops. In the past, B. secalinus L. could be found throughout Poland. The regression of the species has caused it to be classified as a rare species threatened with extinction. The study was conducted in the 2007-2010 time period, in north-eastern Poland where a considerable increase in the number of sites and abundance of B. secalinus were observed. The plant material was collected from agrocenoses of winter crops, at 14 sites representing the habitat diversity of the species occurrence. Eight morphological features were taken into account when evaluating populations of B. secalinus. The morphological diversity of the populations of B. secalinus was correlated with different habitat conditions (type, pH of soil and cultivated plant). The populations growing on the sites with optimum trophic and moisture conditions as well as those populations growing in very poor conditions were found to differ the most. A comparison of B. secalinus was done and six groups of cluster similarities were found using the agglomeration method Electrophoretic analysis of seed storage proteins of B. secalinus L from the studied populations were performed using SDS-PAGE. Analysis revealed relatively high genetic polymorphism irrespective of whether genetic variation was compared between the populations from different sites or between the subpopulations from only site number 4. Three homologenous groups were formed which were related to the cultivated plant coverage, and partially, to the type of soil. In the investigated populations and subpopulations, protein bands of molecular weight from 8 to 68 kDa were observed. The SDS-PAGE method was found suitable for the assessment of genetic variation in populations of B. secalinus L from many sites as well as within the subpopulations from one site.

5

Illecebrum verticillatum L. - endangered species in agrocenoses of Eastern Poland : assessment of ecological and genetic indicators for protection goals

Skrajna T., Kubicka H., Rzymowska Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 3

577-589

EN

A rapid decrease in floristic biodiversity of agrocenoses has been observed in Europe for a half of century. A dynamic intensification of processes of crop production is considered one of the major reasons for shrinking of occurrence acreage and population number, or even extinction of numerous species with narrow ecological niche and high sensitivity to herbicides. These unfavourable transformations contribute to the gene pool restriction and necessity of species conservation. A representative of that group of plants is Illecebrum verticillatum (Caryophyllaceae) - a rare species endangered due to extinction in many European countries. Results of a study on decline of communities with Illecebrum verticillatum at the most northeastward sites in the Kałuszyn Upland (Podlasie Lowland, Eastern Poland) are presented. Observations were made on permanent plots for three periods (I - the years 1994-1997, period II - the years 2002-2004 and period III - the years 2008-2010) over the last 17 years. The material studied consisted of 136 phytosociological releves made by Braun-Blanquet method. Changes in phytocenoses with Illecebrum verticillatum were analysed and the habitat factors responsible for regression of these phytocenoses were identified. The degree of endangering of Illecebrum verticillatum in the area studied was evaluated on the basis of the frequency of occurrence, population abundance and genetic variation at the level of storage proteins in seeds by the modified SDS-PAGE method. Comparison of phytocenoses from different periods revealed a number of qualitative and quantitative differences. The number of sites of occurrence as well as population abundance of Illecebrum verticillatum have drastically decreased. Changes in the contribution of indicatory species (according to Ellenberg) were noted. In periods II and III a decrease in the contribution of hygrophilous and acidophilous species and an increase in that of nitrophilous species was observed. Significant changes in the structure of communities were confirmed by the calculated similarity indices (the most pronounced differences were observed between periods I and III). The phytocenoses were transformed towards degraded floristic composition, manifested by a decrease in the number of species in a plot, decrease in species diversity and increase in the index of domination. A significant increase in pH and nitrogen content at the habitats studied was noted. The phytocenoses reveal a replacement of nitrophilous for the eurytopic species. The factors having the strongest restricting effect on the occurrence of communities with Illecebrum verticillatum in the areas studied include: changes in the structure of agricultural use of land, increase in the contribution of maize in the structure of crops and intensification of production. At present 6 sites with Illecebrum verticillatum remain in the study area about 260 km2 (Kałuszyn Upland, Central-eastern Poland). Electrophoretic analysis of storage proteins in seeds of this species from these sites has shown high genetic similarity of these populations, irrespective of the distances between them (0-19% diversity among six the remaining populations). The diminished genetic pool of Illecebrum verticillatum population in this area indicates a need for the protection of this species.

6

Content of Selected Elements in Seedlings of Inbred Lines of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.)

Kubicka H., Pyza A., Wolska-Sobczak A., Dmuchowski W.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 8

1059-1064

EN

9 inbred lines were chosen for the experiment (L176, L230, CH7, L154, M353, L4, L299, L310, L28) of the winter rye S25 generation (Secale cereale L.). The 5 day-old seedlings of the line were treated with a cadmium sulfate solution at a concentration of 10–6 and 10–4 M for 36 h, and then placed on the Hoagland nutrient. The control materials were comprised of seedlings of the line growing on the same nutrient. The twenty-one day old seedlings were mineralized and the content of the following elements was marked: cadmium, magnesium, zinc, calcium, manganese and potassium, using the Perkin-Elmer1100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The lowest content of cadmium amounting to several mg/kg was observed in the control combination. The content of chemical elements in all inbred lines was higher at a lower concentration of cadmium 10–6 M/36 h (with the exception of L230 and L299 line).

PL

Do doświadczenia wybrano 9 linii wsobnych (L176, L230, CH7, L154, M353, L4, L299, L310 i L29) pokolenia S25 żyta ozimego (Secale cereale L.). Pięciodniowe siewki linii traktowano roztworem siarczanu kadmu o stężeniach 10-6 i 10-4 M przez 36 h, a następnie przenoszono je na pożywkę. Materiał kontrolny stanowiły siewki linii rosnące na pożywce Hoaglanda. Dwudziestojednodniowe siewki mineralizowano i oznaczono zawartość następujących pierwiastków: kadm, magnez, cynk, wapń, mangan i potas, przy użyciu spektrofotometru absorpcji atomowej firmy Perkin-Elmer1100. Najniższą zawartość kadmu wynoszącą kilka mg/kg zanotowano w kombinacji kontrolnej. Zawartość biogennych pierwiastków była wyższa u wszystkich linii wsobnych żyta w niższym stężeniu kadmu 10-6 M/36 h (z wyjątkiem linii L230 i L299).

7

Assessment of Oat Varieties Sensitivity to the Impact of Aluminium

Kubicka H., Kopras W.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 10

1257-1261

EN

In this work, the influence of aluminium on the germination and growth of 9 oat varieties was researched The experiment was carried out in hydroponic cultures and four concentrations of aluminium were applied. The selected varieties of oat reacted to aluminium in various ways. Aluminium at concentrations of 100 and 200 M reduced the growth of roots to the highest degree, however, its influence on the growth of shoots was negligible. A 75 M concentration of aluminium had no effect on the growth of seedlings of chosen oat varieties in comparison with control. Amongst the assessed varieties of oat the following varieties were most tolerant to the toxic influence of aluminium: Flemingsprofi and Bohun at the lowest concentration (75 M) as well as Borowiak and Akt at higher concentrations (100 and 200 M). The obtained results will be used for cultivation selection in given areas.

PL

W pracy badano wpływ glinu na kiełkowanie i wzrost siewek 9 odmian owsa, w kulturach hydroponicznych, stosując cztery stężenia tego metalu. Wybrane odmiany owsa zróżnicowanie reagowały na jego działanie. W najwyższym stopniu glin wpływał na zahamowanie przyrostu długości korzeni w stężeniach 100 i 200 M, zaś nieznacznie na wzrost części nadziemnych. Glin w stężeniu 75 M prawie nie wpływał na wzrost siewek badanych odmian owsa, a nawet stymulował wzrost siewek u odmiany Flemingsprofi. Spośród ocenianych odmian owsa najbardziej tolerancyjne na toksyczne działanie glinu były odmiany: Flemingsprofi – w najniższym stężeniu (75 M) oraz Borowiak i Bohun – w wyższych (100 i 200 M). Uzyskane wyniki zostaną wykorzystane przy doborze odpowiednich odmian do uprawy na danym terenie.

8

Activity of Chosen Organie Acids on the Growth of Rye Seedlings Treated with Cadmium or Lead Ions

Kubicka H., Pyza A., Wolska-Sobczak A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 7

803-807

EN

The influence of cadmium and lead ions on the growth of seedlings of selected inbred lines was studied after the application of three organic acids. The growth stunt of the researched seedling lines was a result of the harmful effects of the aforementioned elements. The application of ascorbic and gibberellin acids inhibited the stress caused by lead and cadmium ions, which was shown by the growth of shoots and roots of seedlings. However, 2,4-D acid did not minimize the toxic influence of cadmium and lead. It can be concluded that the application of ascorbic and gibberellin acids may lessen the negative effects of stress caused by those heavy metals.

PL

W przeprowadzonym doświadczeniu analizowano wpływ kadmu i ołowiu na wzrost siewek wybranych linii wsobnych żyta ozimego po uprzednim zastosowaniu trzech kwasów organicznych. Szkodliwe działanie tych pierwiastków ujawniło się zahamowaniem wzrostu siewek badanych linii. Stosowane kwasy - askorbinowy i giberelinowy spowodowały zmniejszenie stresu wywołanego jonami kadmu i ołowiu, co uwidoczniło się zwiększonym przyrostem części nadziemnych i podziemnych siewek. Natomiast kwas 2,4-D nie miał wpływu na niwelowanie szkodliwego działanie kadmu i ołowiu. Wykazano, iż zastosowane kwasy organiczne - askorbinowy i giberelinowy mogą znaleźć zastosowanie do zmniejszania negatywnych skutków stresów wywołanych tymi metalami ciężkimi.

9

Influence of lead and cadmium on the growth of seedlings of the inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.)

Kubicka H., Pyza A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Vol. 14, nr 11

1189-1195

EN

The influence of cadmium and lead on the growth of seedling of the S25 generations of inbred lines of rye was tested. The germinated rye seedlings were treated with cadmium at the following concentrations: (10-4 and 10-6M) and lead at concentrations of (10-3, 10-4 and 101 M) for 24 and 48 hours. The harmful influence of cadmium manifested itself through the stunting of root growth at the lowest concentration applied for 24 hours and 48 hours, with the exception of line CH7/99. In some lines cadmium caused the reduction of shoot length and the lessening of root number. However, lead reduced the growth of roots at concentrations of 10-4 M. Shoots were more sensitive to the activity of lead, which caused the reduction of their length at concentrations of 10-4 M in all lines. The researched inbred lines reacted to cadmium and lead in various ways.

PL

Badano wpływ kadmu i ołowiu na wzrost siewek jedenastu linii wsobnych żyta pokolenia S25. Podkiełkowane siewki żyta traktowano kadmem (w stężeniach 10[do-4] i 10[do -6] M) oraz ołowiem (w stężeniach 10[do -3], 10[do -4] i 10[do -6] M) przez 24 oraz 48 godzin, a następnie wykładano na pożywkę Hoaglanda. Szkodliwe działanie kadmu uwidoczniło się zahamowaniem wzrostu korzeni linii już w najmniejszym stężeniu 10[do -6]M traktowanych przez 24 i 48 godzin, z wyjątkiem linii CH7/99, a u niektórych linii - obniżeniem długości części nadziemnych oraz zmniejszeniem liczby korzeni. Ołów hamował wzrost korzeni dopiero w stężeniu - 10-3 M. Wrażliwsze na działanie ołowiu były części nadziemne, co uwidoczniło się redukcją długości kiełków w stężeniu 10-4 M u wszystkich linii. Badane linie wsobne żyta zróżnicowanie reagowały na kadm i ołów.

10

Influence of GA3 and CCC on the content of selected elements in rye varieties in saline hydroponic cultures

Dec D., Kubicka H.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 6

471-476

EN

The influence of growth regulators on the growth of seedlings of winter rye varieties and the intake of biogenic elements in saline conditions was evaluated. Varieties of rye reacted differently to the growth regulators. Gibberellin (GA3) significantly reduced salinity stress in the Kier variety and chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in the Luco variety. However, the Motto variety showed no reduction to salinity stress after exposure to both substances. In combinations of sodium chloride with the addition of gibberellin or chlorocholine chloride in rye varieties a reduction of K, Mg, P and Ca content were noticed. An increase of sodium and chlorine was noted with the exception of the Motto variety where an increased content of potassium at concentration of 75 mM NaCI was observed. On the basis of the findings it can be concluded that GA3 and CCC may have caused the reduction of stress salinity in some rye varieties.

PL

Badano wpływ regulatorów wzrostu w stresie solnym na przyrost siewek odmian żyta ozimego oraz pobieranie pierwiastków biogennych. Odmiany żyta zróżnicowanie reagowały na podane regulatory wzrostu. Giberelina znacząco obniżała stres solny u odmiany Kier, a CCC u odmiany Luco. Natomiast odmiana Motto nie reagowała zmniejszeniem stresu solnego pod wpływem obu substancji. Większy wpływ regulatorów wzrostu na przyrost siewek żyta obserwowano dla mniejszego stężenia NaCI. W kombinacjach chlorku sodu z dodatkiem GA3 lub CCC u badanych odmian żyta wystąpiła następująca prawidłowość: obniżenie zawartości potasu, magnezu, wapnia i wzrost stężenia sodu z wyjątkiem odmiany Motto, u której stwierdzono zwiększoną zawartość potasu w stężeniu 75 mM NaCI. Giberelina i chlorek chlorocholiny mogą mieć zastosowanie do obniżania stresu solnego niektórych odmian żyta.

11

Zmienność morfologiczna i polimorfizm białek zapasowych w liniach wsobnych żyta ozimego (Secale cereale L.)

Kubicka H., Carrillo J. M., Benito C.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie

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2005

|

Z. 10

257-265

PL

Badano 11 linii wsobnych żyta ozimego pokolenia S20 pod względem cech morfologicznych, biochemicznych i polimorfizmu białek zapasowych. Białka zapasowe w ziarniakach każdej linii wsobnej oznaczano metodą SDS-PAGE. Użyte do doświadczenia linie wsobne żyta charakteryzowały się znacznym zróżnicowaniem pod względem wszystkich analizowanych cech: wysokości roślin, długości kłosa, liczby i długości poszczególnych międzywęźli, liczby pięterek, liczby nasion w kłosie, masy 1000 ziaren i zawartości białka. Elektroforetyczna analiza białek zapasowych w badanych liniach wsobnych żyta wykazała również różnice pomiędzy nimi w liczbie prążków i ich masie cząsteczkowej. Cechy te ujawniały się w liniach wsobnych niezależnie od ich pochodzenia. Najbardziej zróżnicowane linie wsobne żyta oraz ich potomstwo wybrano do dalszych badań genetycznych na poziomie molekularnym DNA.

EN

11 inbred lines of the winter rye generation S20 on account of morphological, biochemical and polimorphism traits were investigated. Storage protein in seeds of each inbred line were analysed using the SDS - PAGE method. The inbred lines of rye used in the experiment were characterized by a significant variability on account of all analysed features: the height of the plant, length of the spike, number and length of each internode, the number of layers of the spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grains weight and content of protein. Electrophoretic analyses of storage proteins in inbred lines showed a difference in the number of bands and their molecular mass. These traits appeared in the inbred lines regardless of their origin. The greatest variations of the inbred lines of rye were selected for further genetical research.

12

Działanie glinu i chlorku sodu na zawartość wybranych pierwiastków w siewkach zbóż

Dec D., Kubicka H., Zawada M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie

|

2005

|

Z. 10

117-123

PL

Glin i chlorek sodu uszkadzają system korzeniowy i ograniczają pobieranie składników pokarmowych przez rośliny. W pracy określono zawartość następujących pierwiastków: Zn, Mn, Na, Mg, Ca i P w liściach i korzeniach odmiany żyta Motto po traktowaniu glinem w trzech stężeniach (200, 400 i 1000 žM) oraz oznaczono zawartość K, Na, Mg i Cl w siewkach wybranych zbóż (pszenica, pszenżyto, żyto i jęczmień) po działaniu chlorkiem sodu w stężeniach 170 i 300 žM. Glin, w stężeniu 200 žM, powodował obniżenie zawartości wszystkich pierwiastków w liściach i korzeniach siewek żyta odmiany Motto. Natomiast w badanych zbożach (żyto, pszenica, pszenżyto i jęczmień) po traktowaniu NaCl wystąpiła prawidłowość: obniżenie zawartości K i Mg i wzrost Na i Cl.

EN

The content of selected chemical elements in varieties of rye grown in conditions of salinity stress. The plants intake chemical elements in the shape of soluble ions in a soil solution, however if these elements occur in a different form, even in high amounts, they are for their unassimilable. An additional problem is the fact that the roots of plants have not formed the mechanisms of selective intake of biogenic elements from the substrate. For this reason, the plant cells are penetrated by elements which ensure their growth and development and also those which are unnecessary or even harmful. Additionally, the aim of this work was to determine the content of the following biogenic elements (Mg, Ca, K, P, Na, and Cl) in the shoots and roots in 14 day seedlings of 6 varieties of winter rye (Kier, Motto, Walet, Luco, Klawo and Nawid) treated with NaCl at concentrations of 0, 100, 150 and 200 žM. The varieties of rye differed slightly in content of particular elements. The stress salinity caused a reduction of content of the following elements: P, Ca, Mg and K and an increase of Na and Cl in varieties of rye. However, the Luco variety which was the most tolerant to salinity, contained somewhat more calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorine and sodium.