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Groundwater vulnerability to pollution in degraded coal mining areas: modifying the DRASTIC method using the factor of exploitation impact on land surface

Krogulec Ewa, Bukowski Przemysław, Niedbalska Katarzyna, Trzeciak Joanna, Zabłocki Sebastian

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 4

313--334

EN

Mining activities such as underground exploitation of hard coal deposits and open cast mining are strong factors on groundwater depending on mine life cycle phases. The impact of coal mining activities on groundwater have been reported from many countries. In this case, a vulnerability assessment was conducted base on standard DRASTIC method and its modification DRASTIC MINE (DRASTICM) method. In order to take into account, the impact of mining activities, a new parameter was added which defined the impact of coal seams on the rock mass above, including the degree of its drainage and the range of its impact. In the standard DRASTIC method, the results indicate that groundwater vulnerability with high (38.6%) and very high occurrence classes (16.9% of the area), mostly covers the central part of the cast mine. In contrast, the reclaimed area of the excavation is a low-class area. The DRASTICM method increased the vulnerability index from 3 to 24 on 95% of the area, so a new vulnerability class of extremely high was delineated, which occurred in 1.6% of the area. This indicates areas that should be treated as a priority in order to avoid pollution, and in the final stage to plan activities in the field of the reclamation of mining areas. The results showed that groundwater vulnerability assessment in coal mining areas can be significantly improved.

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Long-term trends and factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the Tatra Mountains, Poland

Małecki Jerzy J., Matyjasik Marek, Krogulec Ewa, Porowska Dorota

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

19--38

EN

The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods 1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4 + . The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.

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Groundwater impact assessment of Lake Czorsztyn after 25 years of its operation

Humnicki Włodzimierz, Krogulec Ewa, Małecki Jerzy, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Wojdalska Anna, Zaszewski Daniel

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 2

65--78

PL

Powstanie sztucznego zbiornika wodnego oddziałuje na wszystkie elementy środowiska. Na przykładzie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego oceniono jego oddziaływanie na wody podziemne oraz zmiany wymuszone przez jego budowę w zagospodarowaniu terenu. W ocenie wykorzystano długoletnie obserwacje chemizmu i stanów zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz wydajności źródeł, obejmujące okres sprzed budowy zbiornika, z czasu jego napełniania oraz 25-letniej eksploatacji. Zmiany zagospodarowania przestrzennego wywołane budową zbiornika określono metodami teledetekcyjnymi. Konsekwencją budowy zbiornika była zmiana użytkowania powierzchni terenu. Wzrosła powierzchnia obszarów zabudowanych i leśnych kosztem terenów rolniczych. Dominującą rolę odgrywają dwa typy wód podziemnych HCO3–Ca oraz HCO3–Ca–Mg, dotyczy to zarówno okresu przed jego napełnieniem (68%), jak i po jego napełnieniu (95%), a także w odniesieniu do analiz kontrolnych z 2020 roku (100%). Udokumentowano stopniowy zanik występowania typów wód z udziałem jonu siarczanowego powyżej 20% miliwali, co wskazuje na tendencję poprawy jakości badanych wód. Ponadto zmiany wartości wskaźników nasycenia wód, względem faz mineralnych budujących warstwę wodonośną, w czasie budowy zbiornika i na wczesnym etapie jego eksploatacji, wskazują na ich modyfikacje hydrochemiczne. Zaobserwowano obniżenie zwierciadła wód gruntowych spowodowane przekształceniem doliny Dunajca w czasie budowy zbiornika i związanego z tym obniżenia regionalnej bazy drenażowej. Po napełnieniu zbiornika nastąpił wzrost rzędnej zwierciadła wody. Oprócz oddziaływania zbiornika można to tłumaczyć również większym zasilaniem opadowym. Powstanie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego spowodowało stopniowe przekształcenia w użytkowaniu terenu z rolniczego w kierunku turystyczno-rekreacyjnym. Zmiany te oraz zalanie doliny rzecznej wodami powierzchniowymi nie spowodowało zasadniczych zmian ilościowych i jakościowych wód podziemnych. Natomiast związane z budową zbiornika uporządkowanie gospodarki wodno-ściekowej przyczyniło się do zauważalnej tendencji poprawy ich jakości.

EN

Artificial water reservoirs pose impact on the natural environment. Impact of the artificial Czorsztyn Lake on groundwater and land management is assessed. The study is based on long-term observations of chemistry, groundwater levels and spring discharges during reservoir construction, filling, and 25-year-long exploitation. Land management changes caused by reservoir construction were recognized using remote sensing. Reservoir construction resulted in land management change in the study area. Built-up and forest areas gained prevalence over farmland areas. Two types of groundwater dominate: HCO3–Ca and HCO3–Ca–Mg, both before reservoir filling (68% analyses) and afterwards (95% analyses), and in control analyses from September 2020 (100% analyses). Gradual decrease in the occurrence of water types with the sulphate ion exceeding 20% mvals is documented, which points to water quality improvement trends. Moreover, changes of water saturation index values with regard to aquifer-forming mineral phases during reservoir construction and early exploitation phase indicate hydrochemical modifications. Decrease of groundwater level was related with transformation of the Dunajec river valley during reservoir construction and, accordingly, decrease of regional drainage base level. Groundwater level increased after reservoir filling, which points to coupled impact of the reservoir and increased precipitation recharge. Construction of the Czorsztyn Lake resulted in gradual land management transformation from farmlands into tourist-recreational areas. This change and river valley flooding by surface waters did not cause significant modifications in groundwater quantity and quality. Organization of water-sewage management related with reservoir construction resulted in noticeably improved quality trends.

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Causes of groundwater level and chemistry changes in an urban area; a case study of Warsaw, Poland

Krogulec Ewa, Gruszczyński Tomasz, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Małecki Jerzy J., Porowska Dorota, Sawicka Katarzyna, Trzeciak Joanna, Wojdalska Anna, Zabłocki Sebastian, Zaszewski Daniel

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

495--517

EN

The presented studies focus on changes in groundwater levels and chemistry, and the identification of important factors influencing these changes on short- and long-term scales in urban areas. The results may be useful for rational and sustainable groundwater planning and management in cities. The studies concerned three aquifers: (1) the shallow Quaternary aquifer, (2) the deep Quaternary aquifer, and (3) the Oligocene aquifer in the capital city of Warsaw (Poland). The spatial variability of groundwater recharge was determined and its changes in time were characterized. The characteristics of groundwater levels were based on long-term monitoring series. The results indicate that urban development has caused overall reduction in infiltration recharge (from 54 to 51 mm/year), which is particularly clear in the city suburbs and in its centre, where land development has significantly densified during the last 30 years. Studies of groundwater levels indicate variable long-term trends. However, for the shallowest aquifer, the trends indicate a gradual decrease of the groundwater levels. In the case of the much deeper Oligocene aquifer, groundwater table rise is observed since the 1970s (averagely c. 20 m), which is related with excessive pumping. Based on the studied results, the groundwater chemistry in the subsurface aquifer indicates strong anthropogenic influence, which is reflected in multi-ionic hydrogeochemical types and the occurrence of chemical tracers typical of human activity. The Oligocene aquifer is characterized by a chemical composition indicating the influence of geogenic factors.

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XXIII edycja Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej (KNT) z cyklu „Problemy wykorzystania wód podziemnych w gospodarce komunalnej” – Częstochowa, 13-15 października 2021 r.

Krogulec Ewa, Kaczmarek Łukasz

Technologia Wody

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2021

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Nr 4 (78)

84--88

PL

Po 1,5 roku niepewności związanej z sytuacją pandemiczną w dniach 13-15 października 2021 r. od-była się w Częstochowie po raz kolejny długo wyczekiwana, najstarsza ogólnopolska konferencja hydrogeologiczno-wodociągowa, obejmująca zagadnienia hydrogeologiczne, tj. XXIII edycja Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej (KNT) z cyklu Problemy wykorzystania wód podziemnych w gospodarce komunalnej. Historia tej już 44-letniej serii spotkań, organizowanych przez Polskie Zrzeszenie Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych Oddział Częstochowa przy dużym wsparciu PWiK Okręgu Częstochowskiego S.A. w Częstochowie, została opisana w zakładce „Rys historyczny” na nowo powstałej stronie tych wydarzeń: www.knt.czest.pl.

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Ocena stopnia antropopresji wód podziemnych w rejonach poszukiwania i eksploatacji złóż węglowodorów

Krogulec Ewa, Sawicka Katarzyna, Zabłocki Sebastian

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 4

242--248

EN

The aim of the study was to propose a range of interpretation of the results of qualitative groundwater monitoring by using geochemical indicators to assess the degree of anthropogenic groundwater pollution. The location, scope and frequency of groundwater testing dedicated to the possibility of indicating the degree of pressure resulting from the activity in the field of hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation is proposed. On the basis of multistage monitoring research in the area of hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, the qualitative groundwater base state was determined and change trends were characterized at each subsequent testing stage. Anthropogenic transformations of groundwater chemistry are the result of many overlapping factors, which is why the reason of water quality change is difficult to identify. The very statement of the presence of high values of physico-chemical parameters in waters does not have to prove the influence of the monitored object on their composition. It is proposed to use geochemical indicators: enrichment factor, pollution factor, geoaccumulation factor, and pollution load indicator to assess the degree of anthropogenic pollution of groundwater in the area of hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. The geochemical indicators, which are proposed for use, enable the identification of substances of anthropogenic origin in waters and the detection of even the initial degree of anthropopressure on their composition in specific mining activities.

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Charakterystyka głównych geotypów obszarowych ocen podatności wód podziemnych na zanieczyszczenia

Bukowski Przemysław, Krogulec Ewa, Haładus Andrzej

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 4

226--232

EN

The article presents a proposal of the classification of hydrogeological and environmental conditions in relation to different intensities of the impact of factors affecting groundwater threat in assessments of groundwater vulnerability to pollution. Due to the complexity and high degree of transformation of the natural environment, including aquatic, types of areas subjected to ordinary and strong anthropopressure, the so-called Area Geotypes (GO), are distinguished and discussed. The main factors characterizing the impact of mining activity on the water environment (typical and specific) are discussed, and the mine ’s characteristics are highlighted, emphasizing its role and importance as an influator constituting a large, multifactorial source threatening the groundwater environment. The role of the mine as an influator is presented against the background of the mine ’s "life cycle”(development phases) along with an indication of the desirability of carrying out assessments of groundwater vulnerability to pollution and groundwater threat assessments. The need to develop legal regulations regarding the preparation of vulnerability assessments is indicated.

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Hydrogeochemical modeling of water injection into an oil and gas well under high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions

Krogulec Ewa, Sawicka Katarzyna, Zabłocki Sebastian

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 3

419--433

EN

Approximately 80% of water extracted from oil and gas deposits in Poland is disposed of by injection into the rock matrix. The aim of the model research was to predict both the hydrochemical reactions of water injected into wells for its disposal and the hydrogeochemical processes in the reservoir formation. The purpose of hydrogeochemical modeling of the hydrocarbon formation was also to determine the potential of formation waters, injection waters, and their mixtures to precipitate and form mineral sediments, and to determine the corrosion risk to the well. In order to evaluate saturation indices and corrosion ratios, the geochemical programs PHREEQC and DownHole SAT were used. The results of hydrogeochemical modeling indicate the possible occurrence of clogging in the well and the near-well zone caused mainly by the precipitation of iron compounds (iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3 and siderite FeCO3) from the formation water due to the presence of high pressures and temperatures (HPHT). There is also a high certainty of the precipitation of carbonate sediments (calcite CaCO3, strontianite SrCO3, magnesite MgCO3, siderite FeCO3) from the injection water within the whole range of tested pressures and temperatures. The model simulations show that temperature increase has a much greater impact on the potential for precipitation of mineral phases than pressure increase.

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Wpływ obiektów głęboko posadowionych na strukturę strumienia filtracji wód podziemnych w obszarze wrażliwym na zmiany warunków hydrogeodynamicznych

Opęchowski Konrad, Krogulec Ewa

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 6

478--486

EN

The progressive citification of urban spaces results in compacting buildings and deeper foundation of new objects, and even deepening of existing facilities - to obtain maximum use of underground space. This process significantly interferes with the geological environment, both in the local (single deep foundation objects) and district (linear objects such as subways, tunnels, sewage collectors, groups of deep foundation objects). In Warsaw, underground urbanization extends several dozen meters deep and reaches the upper parts of the Neogene deposits, often fully intersecting Quaternary deposits. The progressing urbanization, and in particular the cumulative influence of deep foundation structures, creates a new set of factors with a potentially significant impact on the hydrogeological conditions of the Quaternary aquifer, including also the deep-seated aquifer, so far not having placed under a direct hydrogeodynamic impact. This article presents an assessment of the impact of underground development on the groundwater flow structure, with a particular emphasis on the deformation of the filtration mesh as a permanent result of object built-in into the groundwater stream. The analysis is based on the real case study of the implementation of a building located in the area vulnerable to hydrogeodynamic changes, where additionally can occur a cumulative impact with underground subway tunnels. Model simulations of the building foundation impact on the hydrogeodynamic conditions of the environment were performed. The results of prognostic model calculations were compared with the observations of changes in the groundwater level during construction works. The results indicate slight, permanent changes in groundwater levels, an increase in hydraulic gradients and changes in water flow directions. The scope of the changes was considered safe for the environment and building objects, allowing even a deeper foundation, although not devoid of the need for a long-term observation of groundwater levels. The obtained results indicate the usefulness and utilitarianity of numerical modeling methods in the analysis of hydrogeological conditioning of deep foundations.

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Podatność wód podziemnych w warunkach suszy hydrogeologicznej w płytkich systemach hydrogeologicznych

Krogulec Ewa, Sawicka Katarzyna, Zabłocki Sebastian

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

101--108

PL

Badania podatności wód podziemnych przeprowadzono w dolinie Wisły, na obszarze płytkiego występowania wód podziemnych. Wykonano analizę zmian stanów wód podziemnych w celu identyfikacji wartości średnich oraz wartości najniższych w wieloleciu 1999–2013. Na modelu hydrodynamicznym określono wartości zasilania infiltracyjnego odpowiadające stanom średnim w wieloleciu oraz stanom najniższym w warunkach suszy hydrogeologicznej. Przeprowadzono wariantową ocenę podatności wód podziemnych na zanieczyszczenia przy zastosowaniu metody DRASTIC, przyjmując do obliczeń średnie i najniższe stany wód podziemnych i odpowiadające im wartości zasilania infiltracyjnego. Mapy podatności dla obu wariantów podatności: podatności średniej (A) oraz w warunkach suszy hydrogeologicznej (B), przedstawiają zróżnicowanie przestrzenne występowania poszczególnych klas podatności. W wariancie A największą powierzchnię zajmuje średniowysoka i średnia klasa podatności. W okresie suszy hydrogeologicznej największą powierzchnię zajmuje średnia klasa podatności. Wyniki badań potwierdzają potrzebę wariantowej oceny podatności, szczególnie w płytkich systemach hydrogeologicznych, w których objęte są ochroną zróżnicowane ekosystemy, w tym ekosystemy zależne od wód podziemnych.

EN

The study of groundwater vulnerability was carried out in the Vistula river valley, in the area of shallow groundwater occurrence. An analysis of groundwater level changes was preformed to identify average values and the lowest values in the period of 1999–2013. On the hydrodynamic model, infiltration rate was determined corresponding to average groundwater levels and the lowest levels representing hydrogeological drought. A variant evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pollutions was done using the DRASTIC method, assuming the average and the lowest groundwater levels and the corresponding infiltration rates for the calculation. The vulnerability maps for both vulnerability options: medium (A) and hydrogeological drought conditions (B), show the spatial diversity of individual vulnerability classes. In Variant A, the medium and medium high classes occupy the largest area. During the hydrogeological drought the medium class is the largest area. The research results support the need for a variant susceptibility assessment, especially in shallow hydrogeological systems in which diverse ecosystems are protected, including groundwater-dependent ecosystems.