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EN
The paper presents a method of measuring the angle of rotation and twist using a tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) periodic structure with a tilt angle of 6°, written into a single-mode optical fibre. It has been shown that the rotation of the sensor by 180° causes a change in the transmission coefficient from 0.5 to 0.84 at a wavelength of 1541.2 nm. As a result of measurements it was determined that the highest sensitivity can be obtained for angles from 30° to 70° in relation to the basic orientation. The change in the transmission spectrum occurs for cladding modes that change their intensity with the change in the polarization of light propagating through the grating. The same structure can also be used to measure the twist angle. The possibility of obtaining a TFBG twist by 200° over a length of 10 mm has been proved. This makes it possible to monitor both the angle of rotation and the twist of an optical fibre with the fabricated TFBG.
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EN
One of the methods of increasing the overall biomass share in the electricity and heat production is its gasification and subsequent co-combustion of the obtained syngas in conventional power boilers. The process of biomass gasification is relatively well controlled and understood. It does not change the fact that the syngas composition depends on many process factors, as well as the composition of the charge batch. Unfortunately, it means that the obtained product is not homogeneous in time. Consequently, the use of such fuel for electricity production may present a number of problems from the control point of view. Therefore, both during the syngas production and the co-firing process, it is advisable to use information on the composition of produced syngas, or at least its main components. It is possible to use optical methods, which are an interesting alternative to classical methods, even despite unfavorable measurement conditions. The article presents selected optical method for the synthesis gas monitoring. The results of simulation studies are presented, confirming the possibility of determining the concentration of interesting components in the syngas mixture.
EN
Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) can be used for monitoring of atmospheric environment. The open path technique is based on the measurement of the absorption along the atmosphere path between radiation source and spectrometer. Measurement paths used in this method have a considerable length – from tens of meters to several kilometers. The main advantage of OP-FTIR spectrometry is the possibility of continuously and simultaneously measuring concentrations of multiple compounds. Unfortunately, quantitative analysis of the spectra of such measurements is a difficult issue due to the changing atmospheric conditions and overlapping of the absorption spectra of various components. Numerous algorithms used for the interpretation of the measured spectra have been proposed. They can be classified into methods using classical chemometric calibration and iterative algorithms. Classical Least Square CLS and Partial Least Square PLS are the most commonly used methods of OP-FTIR spectrometry. Iterative methods are based on comparing measured data with synthetic spectra, that is computational models of investigated optical path transmission. For this purpose, databases such as HITRAN are used. Transmission model must take into account not only the spectral characteristics of gases, but also the measuring instrument influence on the measured spectrum. As an example of modeling the spectra of NH3 and HCl gas are used. Modeling of gas spectra with different resolution is shown. Classical methods of building a chemometric calibration model require appropriate reference samples. This is usually associated with considerable cost and time-consuming calibration process. In addition, correct calibration requires maintaining the same conditions during the calibration, as in practical measurements. This is possible only in the case of laboratory measurements. In particular, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature and pressure of examined substances. It is connected with changes in width and intensity of gas rotational lines. In classical spectroscopy, changing environmental conditions require new calibration measurements. In the open path spectroscopy, changes in conditions occur naturally along with the changes in the examined environment (object, process). If the measurement conditions in the environment differ from those in calibration measurements, significant errors in determining the content of the ingredients may appear. Greater changes in conditions may occur in a variety of chemical or physical processes. Sometimes it is not possible to perform measurements in conditions similar to those occurring in a particular industrial facility. In such cases, synthetic spectra may be used in two ways: in an iterative process to compare with measured spectra or to form a chemometric calibration models. In the latter case, the problem of changing conditions can be solved in several ways. The simplest method is to build separate calibration models for all conditions that can occur during the measurement. However, in order to use this method, it is necessary to measure the existing conditions and choose an appropriate local model. Another method is to correct the measured spectra and to adapt them to the standard conditions. The third option is to build global models. The spectra of all the conditions that may occur during the measurement are then used for building a calibration model. Then, the effect of temperature on the determination of gas content for local calibration models is investigated. Finally, a global calibration model insensitive to temperature changes in 10-40°C range is built.
EN
Spectral remote sensing is a very popular method in atmospheric monitoring. The paper presents an approach that involves mid-infrared spectral measurements of combustion processes. The dominant feature in this spectral range is CO2 radiation, which is used to determine the maximum temperature of nonluminous flames. Efforts are also made to determine the temperature profile of hot CO2, but they are limited to the laboratory conditions. The paper presents an analysis of the radiation spectrum of a non-uniform-temperature gas environment using a radiative transfer equation. Particularly important are the presented experimental measurements of various stages of the combustion process. They allow for a qualitative description of the physical phenomena involved in the process and therefore permit diagnostics. The next step is determination of a non-uniform-temperature profile based on the spectral radiation intensity with the 8 m optical path length.
EN
This article presents the problem of determining the gas concentration under conditions of changing temperatures. The solution to this problem is based on spectral measurements using chemometric models. Such problems arise when measuring gases during various industrial processes, mainly the pyrolysis process. Chemometric models are built using synthetic calibration data. Line-by-line and statistical models were applied for spectra modelling. The effect of temperature on extracting the gas concentration from spectra of various resolutions was determined. Next, the global model was built and tested using calibration data for specific temperature ranges. The properties of the linear and nonlinear partial least-squares (PLS) models that were applied to the considered issues were demonstrated. CO and CH4 were used as example gases.
PL
W artykule poruszono problematykę wpływu na wynik pomiaru niejednorodności środowiska. Problem taki istnieje między innymi w pomiarach spektroskopii absorpcyjnej wykonywanych w obiektach, w których parametry zmieniają sie wzdłuż ścieżki pomiarowej. Przykładem takich obiektów są kotły energetyczne, w których występuje silna zmiana temperatury w przekroju poprzecznym.
EN
Article presents problems of influence of medium heterogeneity on measurement accuracy. This problems may by observed at absorption spectroscopy in objects whose parameters are changing along measure path. Example of such objects are power boilers in which there is a large temperature variation in cross-section.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę wyznaczania rozkładu naprężenia przy wykorzystaniu czujników ze światłowodowymi siatkami Bragga (FBG – ang. fiber Bragg gratings). Siatki zostały wykorzystane jako czujniki wydłużenia, w artykule przeprowadzono pomiary rozkładu wydłużenia przy wykorzystaniu algorytmów optymalizacyjnych. W przedstawionej metodzie do rozwiązania postawionego przez autorów problemu odwrotnego konieczne było wykorzystanie metod numerycznych.
EN
In the article the strain distribution recovery method for the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor was presented. We use the fiber Bragg gratings as a strain sensor, and we have carried out distributed strain measurements by using of optimization algorithms. Numerical methods for resolve the inverse problem are necessary to recover the strain distribution, which was measured by using of FBG element.
8
Content available remote Sensors signal processing under influence of environmental disturbances
EN
The article presents methods of counteracting the influence of environmental conditions on the measurement. Graphical representations of these methods have been proposed. Environmental disturbances occur in the measurement of industrial and environmental processes. It was assumed the presence of cross-sensitivity to one physical quantity (temperature) in an intelligent sensor with a multidimensional output. Correction of errors related to the influence of disturbances is done using signal processing methods.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metody przeciwdziałania wpływowi zmian warunków fizykochemicznych na wynik pomiaru. Zaproponowano graficzną reprezentację omawianych metod. Zmiana warunków występuje w pomiarach wielu procesów przemysłowych oraz środowiskowych. Założono występowanie czułości skrośnej na jedną wielkość fizyczną (temperaturę) w czujniku inteligentnym o wyjściu wielowymiarowym. Korekcja błędów związanych z wpływem wielkości zakłócających odbywa się za pomocą metod przetwarzania sygnałów.
EN
This paper addresses problems arising from in situ measurement of gas content and temperature. Such measurements can be considered indirect. Transmittance or natural radiation of a gas is measured directly. The latter method (spectral radiation measurement) is often called spectral remote sensing. Its primary uses are in astronomy and in the measurement of atmospheric composition. In industrial processes, in situ spectroscopic measurements in the plant are often made with an open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The main difficulty in this approach is related to the calibration process, which often cannot be carried out in the manner used in the laboratory. Spectral information can be obtained from open path spectroscopic measurements using mathematical modeling, and by solving the inverse problem. Determination of gas content based on spectral measurements requires comparison of the measured and modeled spectra. This paper proposes a method for the simultaneous use of multiple lines to determine the gas content. The integrated absorptions of many spectral lines permits calculation of the average band absorption. An inverse model based on neural networks is used to determine gas content based on mid-infrared spectra at variable temperatures.
EN
Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared OP-FTIR spectrometers are commonly used for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants and of gases in industrial processes. Spectral interpretation for the determination of gas concentrations is based on the HITRAN database line-by-line modeling method. This article describes algorithms used to model gas spectra and to determine gas concentration under variable temperatures. Integration of individual rotational lines has been used to reduce the impact of spectrometer functions on the comparison of both measured and synthetic modeled spectra. Carbon monoxide was used as an example. A new algorithm for gas concentration retrieval consisting of two ensemble methods is proposed. The first method uses an ensemble of local models based on linear and non-linear PLS (partial least square) regression algorithms, while the second is an ensemble of a calibration set built for different temperatures. It is possible to combine these methods to decrease the number of regression models in the first ensemble. These individual models are appropriate for specific measurement conditions specified by the ensemble of the calibration set. Model selection is based on comparison of gas spectra with values determined from each local model.
11
Content available remote Zastosowanie transformaty curvelet w przetwarzaniu danych z georadaru GPR
PL
Technika GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) służy do nieinwazyjnego określania obiektów oraz ich właściwości będących pod powierzchnią określonego materiału. Otrzymany obraz GPR zawiera informację użyteczną i szereg zakłóceń utrudniających interpretację wyników. Artykuł prezentuje zastosowanie transformaty curvelet jako narzędzia pomocnego we wskazaniu lokalizacji poszukiwanych obiektów.
EN
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used for non-invasive determination of objects and their properties under the surface of a material. The resulting GPR scan contains information useful and a number of distortions that hinder interpretation of results. The article presents the application of curvelet transform as a tool helpful in indicating the location of objects searched.
EN
The article presents influence of a variable compound concentration along measurement path on results obtained by absorption spectroscopy. It is very important, especially for the case when long optical path are applied. The discussed measurement method is utilized e.g. in environment control of power boilers when biomass is co-combusted with coal.
PL
Artykuł porusza problem wpływu na wynik pomiarów uzyskanych metodą spektroskopii absorpcyjnej występowania na ścieżce pomiarowej zmiennego stężenia badanego związku. Problem ten jest szczególnie istotny w przypadku wykonywania pomiarów dla długich ścieżek optycznych. Pomiary tego typu są wykonywane m.in. przy kontroli składu środowiska w kotłach energetycznych przy współspalaniu biomasy i węgla.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem pomiarów zawartości gazów metodą NDIR przy zmieniającej się temperaturze. Przeprowadzono symulacje odpowiadające warunkom panującym przy zgazowywaniu biomasy. Zaproponowano uwzględnienie temperatury w odtwarzaniu zawartości CO z wykorzystaniem sztucznych sieci neuronowych.
EN
The article presents problem of measurements of gases with changing temperature by the NDIR method. Simulations corresponding to conditions existing in gasification of biomass were performed. It was proposed to take into account temperature in the CO content reconstruction using artificial neural networks.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie modelowania wpływu zmian temperatury ośrodka wzdłuż biegu promieniowania sondującego przy pomiarach spektroskopowych modyfikowaną metodą korelacyjną. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań symulacyjnych zostały oszacowane niedokładności, jakich należy się spodziewać w przypadku występowania wzdłuż ścieżki pomiarowej profili temperatury charakterystycznych dla kotłów energetycznych.
EN
The article presents modelling of medium temperature variations influence along probing beam in spectroscopy measurements based on the modified correlative method. During research simulations the expected inaccuracy was estimated for different temperature profiles, typical of the power boiler.
15
Content available remote Two-Step Inverse Problem Algorithm for Ground Penetrating Radar Technique
EN
The aim of the article is to present the new method of GPR data interpretation. The presented methodology allows to determine the depths and diameters of hidden objects. To generate the data and to solve the forward problem the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method was used. In order to solve the inverse problem of rebar diameter estimation the author’s two-step algorithm was constructed. The algorithm was based on edges detection methods mixed with neural networks.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę interpretacji danych uzyskanych z geo-radaru. Zaprezentowana metodologia pozwala na wyznaczanie głębokości oraz średnicy ukrytych obiektów. Do generacji danych użyto metody różnic skończonych w dziedzinie czasu, zaś w celu rozwiązania zagadnienia odwrotnego posłużono się autorskim algorytmem opartym na metodach detekcji krawędzi oraz sieciach neuronowych. (Dwustopniowy algorytm do rozwiązywania zagadnienia odwrotnego w georadarach).
16
Content available remote Wyznaczanie informacji z pomiarów spektralnych jako zagadnienie odwrotne
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie odwrotne powstające w pomiarach spektroskopowych. Pokazano cechy charakterystyczne oraz podział zagadnień odwrotnych spotykanych w pomiarach spektralnych. Jako zagadnienia odwrotne rozpatrzono rekonstrukcję sygnałów spektralnych, kalibrację oraz określanie parametrów badanego środowiska na podstawie pomiarów zdalnych.
EN
This article shows an inverse problem arising from spectroscopic measurement. Features and classification of inverse problems in spectral measurement are shown. In metrology, an inverse problem arises in many cases of indirect measurements and spectroscopic measurements are one of them. The reconstruction, calibration and determination of parameters were considered as inverse problem.
PL
Rekonstrukcja sygnałów polega na znalezieniu rzeczywistego kształtu sygnału na podstawie sygnału pomiarowego. Zniekształcenie sygnału pomiarowego jest powodowane przez sam instrument pomiarowy. Od strony matematycznej jest to wynik operacji splotu sygnału rzeczywistego z odpowiedzią impulsową instrumentu pomiarowego. Rekonstrukcja sygnału należy do grupy tzw. problemów odwrotnych. W artykule zaproponowano modyfikację algorytmów iteracyjnych służących do rekonstrukcji widm poprzez wykorzystanie informacji o drugiej pochodnej widma.
EN
Signal reconstruction consist on finding real shape of signal on the basis on its distorted image. In metrology signal distortion is caused by measuring instrument. The measured spectrum is a convolution result of real spectrum and spectrum of the Instrumental Line Shape (ILS). In this article we propose taking advantage of additional knowledge to improve reconstruction. The novelty is using appropriately scaled second derivative of measured spectrum as a initial value of iterative process. Modification of starting point in iterative procedures reduced the number of iteration necessary to signal reconstruction. Improvement of line shape reconstruction particularly of the height of lines is obtained.
18
Content available remote Wirtualna kalibracja spektrometru do diagnostyki procesów spalania biomasy
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nieliniową metodę regresji w zastosowaniu do kalibracji. Ze względu na brak metody wytworzenia odpowiednich danych pomiarowych zastosowano modelowanie matematyczne. Składają się na nie: model cech spektralnych gazów oraz model spektralnych urządzenia pomiarowego. Jako procedurę regresji wybrano nieliniową regresję cząstkową opartą o radialne funkcje bazowe.
EN
These article is shown nonlinear regression method for calibration. There is no practical method to obtain suitable measurements data so the mathematical modeling method is used instead. Modeling consist of spectral gas feature model and measurement instrument spectral model. As a regression procedure nonlinear radial basis function partial least square RBF-PLS method is used.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów spektralnych promieniowania rozproszonego przez popiół lotny o określonej zawartości węgla całkowitego TC. Jedną z próbek poddano badaniom przesiewowym, w celu określenia wpływu grubości frakcji na zawartość części palnych. Głównym elementem układu pomiarowego był analizator widma firmy ANDO AO6315B. Jako źródło promieniowania wykorzystano lampę halogenową. Pomiary przeprowadzono w zakresie 400...1700 nm.
EN
Polish power plants use millions of tons of coal per year. At the same time, they generate large quantities of fly and bottom ashes. One of the methods used is an optical method for testing scattered radiation. The main part of the measurement system was spectrum analyzer ANDO AO.6315B. The study was done within 400... 1700 nm range. As a light source a halogen lamp was used, which provided high optical power in a broad spectral range. A thick fiber core was utilized in order to transfer the scattered radiation into the analyzer.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problem pomiarów in situ zawartości gazów oraz temperatury w procesach spalania. Pomiary takie przeprowadzone być mogą z wykorzystaniem spektrometru FTIR o otwartej ścieżce pomiarowej. Analizę widm transmisyjnych oraz emisyjnych procesów o zmieniającej się temperaturze potraktować można jako rozwiązanie zagadnienia odwrotnego. Zagadnienie proste jest wtedy modelowaniem widm w zależności od temperatury oraz zawartości składników. Przedstawiono pomiary promieniowania procesu spalania oraz ich analizę ilościową z wykorzystaniem opisanej metody.
EN
The paper presents a problem of in-situ measurements of gas concentration and temperature of combustion processes. Such measurements can be carried out by using an open path FTIR. The analysis of transmission and emission spectra of changeable temperature processes can be treated as an inverse problem. Modelling of the spectrum as a function of temperature and species concentration is then a direct problem. In this paper there are presented combustion process measurements and the quantitative analysis as an inverse problem is performed. In the introduction the need for investigations of the combustion process is discussed. Recently biomass gasification and combustion have been playing a significant role due to the environmental protection. What is important, the process should be analysed by an in-situ method. The access to some processes can be so difficult that only remote measurements are possible. In those cases an OP-FTIR spectrometer (Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) can be used. The analysis of the classical FTIR spectrum is shown in Section 2. This method consists in using a set of calibration samples for preparing the calibration curve. Unknown concentration of species is determined with this curve. Calibration and measurements have to be carried out in the same temperature. Section 3 describes the problem of simultaneous analysis of concentration and temperature of gases based on infrared spectrum measurements. The inverse problem method is one of the solutions of this problem. The direct problem consists in modeling the spectrum modeling of known temperature and concentration. There are two kinds of methods for modeling the synthetic spectrum of gases - physical (line by line) and statistical one. The spectra in Fig. 3 are calculated for the temperature profiles of Fig. 2. The misfit minimisation between the synthetic and measurement spectrum by means of an optimization method is called the inverse problem. Section 4 describes the measurements of the process infrared spectrum. The spectrum measurements based on the spectral gas models and the inverse problem are analysed. The FTIR spectra measured are shown in Figs. 7 and 9, whereas the adequate analyses are depicted in Figs. 6 and 8. The paper is summarised with some conclusions.
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