Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Impact of various types of soybean cake to soy straw briquettes on the heat of briquette combustion

Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Łagowski P., Kurczyński D., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 3

23--26

EN

The paper presents results of research demonstrating the effects on heat of combustion of adding press cake from three varieties of soyben Erica, Mavka and Sirelia to soyben stalk based briquette. The conducted research shows that heat of combustion of soyben stalk was 15.2 [MJ∙kg-1], much lower than the heat of combustion of press cake from four. Press cake heat of combustion from the most effective Erica soyben variety was 23.4 [MJ∙kg-1], or 54% (w/w) more than that of rape stalk. Press cake heat of combustion from the least effective soyben variety was 19.8 [MJ∙kg1], or 30% (w/w) more than that of soyben stalk. Adding 20% (w/w) of press cake during briquette production Erica varieties resulted in an increase in heat of combustion by approximately 10,5; and a 40% (w/w) addition resulted in a further increase of approximately 20,4%, a 60% (w/w) addition of press cake increased heat of combustion by approximately 31,6 whereas an 80% (w/w) press cake content increased heat of combustion by more than 38,8%.

2

Determining the effect of the addition of temperature on the rheological properties of biofuels FAME and RME

Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Łagowski P., Kurczyński D., Leśniak A., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 4

3--7

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the impact of dynamic viscosity of two biofuels. One was a mixture of 50% (m / m) SBME and 50% (m / m) RME of own production. The mixture was conventionally called FAME. The second biofuel was commercial RME from a gas station. Dynamic viscosity as a function of temperature from -20 to 50oC was tested. The main device used at the measuring stand was ReolabQC rheometer manufactured by a German Anton Paar GmbH company. Dynamic viscosity especially grew rapidly after cooling biofuels to temperatures below -5°C. Dynamic viscosity FAME biofuels produced from pure vegetable oil (soybean oil and rapeseed oil) in a temperature range of 50 to -20°C has a value of c.a. 9 to 53[mPa∙s]. Dynamic viscosity of Biofuel FAME produced from mixtures of vegetable oils it was on average lower by about 1 to 8 [mPa∙s] of RME shopping from a gas station.

3

Parameters of the combustion process in the Fiat 0.9 TwinAir engine, working under selected load characteristics and powered with LPG and CNG gas fuels

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 1/115

81--90

EN

The article presents the results of research on the combustion process of the Fiat 0,9 TwinAir engine powered by petrol, and LPG and CNG gas fuels. In order to use gas fuels for powering the internal combustion piston engines rationally, the essential knowledge about basic combustion process parameters of gas fuels in engine combustion chamber is required. This is dictated by the significant differences in physiochemical indicators of gas fuels in comparison with petrol fuels. In case of powering the internal combustion engine with a LPG gas fuel the maximum achieved pressure values in the cylinder are much higher in comparison with it been fuelled by petrol. The air and LPG gas mixture combustion process is much more intense, and achieved values of pressure increases in the cylinder while fuelling with this fuel were the biggest in comparison with the engine being fuelled with petrol or CNG gas. This causes an increase in the piston-connecting rod system load through the gas forces which are applied directly on to the piston head, it also causes an increase of the engine thermal load. While the engine was powered by the Compressed Natural Gas CNG, the combustion process was taking the largest amount of time in nearly every given range of engine speed-load conditions. The high delay of the initiation of the combustion process was also observed for the air and CNG fuel mixture.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań procesu spalania w silniku Fiat 0,9 TwinAir zasilanego benzyną bezołowiową 95 oraz paliwami gazowymi LPG i CNG. W celu racjonalnego wykorzystania paliw gazowych do zasilania tłokowych silników spalinowych niezbędna jest znajomość podstawowych parametrów procesu spalania tych paliw w komorze spalania silnika. Proces spalania mieszanki składającej się z powietrza oraz gazu LPG przebiega gwałtownie, a osiągane wartości przyrostów ciśnienia w cylindrze w przypadku zasilania silnika tym paliwem były największe w porównaniu do uzyskanych przy zasilaniu silnika benzyną lub gazem CNG. Zasilając silnik gazem LPG osiągnięto najwyższe wartości ciśnienia maksymalnego w cylindrze silnika. Powoduje to wzrost obciążenia układu korbowo-tłokowego siłami gazowymi oddziaływującymi bezpośrednio na denko tłoka oraz znaczne obciążenie cieplne silnika. W przypadku zasilania silnika sprężonym gazem ziemnym CNG proces spalania przebiegał najdłużej przy zadanych warunkach prędkościowo obciążeniowych silnika. Wykazano również znaczne opóźnienie rozpoczęcia procesu spalania ładunku składającego się z powietrza i gazu CNG.

4

Indicator curves of the Perkins 1104-E44TA dual-fuel diesel oil and natural gas engine

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 2/116

131--142

EN

The introduction of ever more stringent exhaust emission standards and the necessity of searching for new energy sources caused searches for fuels for powering combustion engines enabling a reduction of their harmful influence on the environment. Natural gas is one such fuel, with the use of which for powering piston combustion engines increasing in recent time. The use of this fuel for powering combustion engines permits a reduction of their harmful influence on the environment. The article describes the properties of natural gas as fuel for supplying piston combustion engines, a characteristic of an engine test bed with a Perkins 1104D-E44TA automatic ignition engine equipped with a Common Rail supply system, adapted for dual-fuel operation using diesel fuel and natural gas. The purpose of the article is the presentation of the influence of dual-fuel operation of the tested engine on pressure curves in the engine cylinder. During test bed studies, the engine operated according to an external speed characteristic. The study was conducted powering the engine with diesel fuel and under dual-fuel operation using diesel fuel and natural gas. The described pressure curves were presented and shown in diagrams. Based on these, selected characteristic combustion process parameters were determined, such as maximum cylinder pressure values pmax and maximum cylinder pressure increase values (dp/dα)max.

PL

Wprowadzanie coraz bardziej rygorystycznych norm emisji spalin oraz konieczność poszukiwania nowych źródeł energii spowodowało poszukiwanie paliw do zasilania silników spalinowych, pozwalających na zmniejszenie ich szkodliwego oddziaływania na środowisko. Jednym z takich paliw jest gaz ziemny, którego zastosowanie w ostatnim czasie do zasilania tłokowych silników spalinowych stale wzrasta. Stosowanie tego paliwa do zasilania silników spalinowych pozwala na zmniejszenie ich szkodliwego oddziaływania na środowisko. W artykule opisano właściwości gazu ziemnego jako paliwa do zasilania tłokowych silników spalinowych, scharakteryzowano stanowisko badawcze z silnikiem o zapłonie samoczynnym Perkins 1104D-E44TA wyposażonym w układ zasilania Common Rail, przystosowanym do dwupaliwowego zasilania olejem napędowym i gazem ziemnym. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wypływu dwupaliwowego zasilania badanego silnika na przebiegi ciśnienia w cylindrze silnika. Podczas badań hamownianych silnik pracował według zewnętrznej charakterystyki prędkościowej. Badania przeprowadzono zasilając silnik olejem napędowym oraz dwupaliwowo olejem napędowym i gazem ziemnym. Wyznaczone przebiegi ciśnienia przedstawiono i porównano na rysunkach. Na ich podstawie określono wybrane charakterystyczne parametry procesu spalania takie jak maksymalne wartości ciśnienia pmax w cylindrze oraz maksymalne wartości przyrostu ciśnienia w cylindrze (dp/dα)max.

5

Ecological indicators of the dual-fuelled Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine, operating under external speed characteristics

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 1/115

35--45

EN

The policies of the European Union emphasise and promote the use of alternative fuels in transportation, with the objective of gradual withdrawal from dependence on oil resources as well as of improving the condition of natural environment. One of the alternative fuels likely to be gradually applied for powering piston combustion engines is natural gas [3]. The paper presents selected test results of a Diesel engine adopted for dual-fuelling, that is, simultaneous supply of compressed natural gas (CNG) and Diesel fuel. As part of the tests, the engine was working under the external speed characteristics. The major ecological parameters were compared and the impact of dual-fuelling upon main components of exhaust fumes and smokiness was determined. With the engine being ON+CNG dual-fuelled, the exhaust fumes contained higher concentration levels of carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and higher smokiness. On the other hand, concentrations of nitric oxides and carbon dioxides were reduced. The obtained results suggest that it is necessary to interfere in the fuel-air mixture forming process and its combustion in the dual-fuelled engine if its ecological parameters are to be improved.

PL

Polityka Unii Europejskiej kładzie duży nacisk na stosowanie paliw alternatywnych w transporcie, czego efektem ma być stopniowe uniezależnianie się od zasobów ropy naftowej oraz poprawa stanu środowiska. Jednym z tych paliw, które w niedalekiej przyszłości ma być w coraz większym stopniu stosowane do zasilania tłokowych silników spalinowych jest gaz ziemny. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym przystosowanego do zasilania dwupaliwowego, czyli jednocześnie sprężonym gazem ziemnym i olejem napędowym. W ramach tych badań silnik pracował według zewnętrznej charakterystyki prędkościowej. Porównano wartości podstawowych wskaźników ekologicznych silnika. Określono wpływ zastosowania zasilania dwupaliwowego na stężenia w spalinach silnika podstawowych ich składników oraz zadymienie spalin. Wykazano przy zasilaniu dwupaliwowym silnika zwiększenie stężenia w spalinach tlenku węgla, całkowitej zawartości węglowodorów i wzrost zadymienia spalin. Równocześnie zmniejszeniu uległo stężenie tlenków azotu i dwutlenku węgla. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na konieczność ingerencji w proces tworzenia mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej i jej spalanie w silniku zasilanym dwupaliwowo w celu poprawy wskaźników ekologicznych silnika.

6

Selected aspects of dual-fuelling of the perkins 1104D-E44TA engine with natural gas and diesel fuel

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Tomyuk V.

Technical Transactions

|

2018

|

Vol. 115, iss. 12

173--178

EN

The paper presents selected test results of the PERKINS 1104D-E44TA engine, adjusted to being dualfuelled with compressed natural gas and Diesel fuel. The tests were carried out with maximum possible dosing of natural gas and then with lowering its dosing by approximately half. The obtained test results were compared with the results of tests carried out when the engine was powered with Diesel fuel only.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań silnika PERKINS 1104D-E44TA przystosowanego do zasilania dwupaliwowego sprężonym gazem ziemnym i olejem napędowym. Badania przeprowadzono przy maksymalnym możliwym dawkowaniu paliwa gazowego i po jego zmniejszeniu o około połowę. Otrzymane wyniki badań porównano z wynikami uzyskanymi przy zasilaniu silnika olejem napędowym.

7

The evaluation of the Fiat 0.9 TwinAir engine powered by petrol and LPG gas work cycles uniqueness

Lejda K., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M., Dąbrowski T.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

323--330

EN

The article describes the test results of the uniqueness of the work cycle of two-cylinder internal combustion piston FIAT 0.9 TwinAir engine, while being powered by 95 octane petrol fuel and LPG gas. The engine was working according to load characteristics. The engine mounted on the test bench was equipped with a sequential LPG gas fuel supply system. The gas fuels differ significantly from the petrol fuels in their physiochemical properties. In order to rationally utilize gas fuels to power internal combustion engines, the knowledge about basic fuel burning process of these fuels is required. The article shows the analysis of individual engine work cycles of the technologically advanced engine in order to evaluate the influence of powering by LPG gas fuel on the rate of uniqueness of its work cycles. The measure of uniqueness of the inter-cylinder processes are the work cycle uniqueness indicators, which are as follows: the maximum work cycle pressure uniqueness indicator, the average measured work cycle pressure uniqueness indicator, the measured pressure work cycle graph uniqueness indicator and the measured pressure work cycle partial graph uniqueness. The carried out research and its analysis has shown that powering the engine with LPG gas has an influence on the engine work cycles and its uniqueness. The burning process of the mixture consisting of air and LPG gas is quicker, which has an effect on the higher speed of pressure increase rate in comparison with the engine being powered by petrol fuel. Achieved maximum in-cylinder pressure values while the engine was powered by LPG gas were higher in comparison with it being fuelled with conventional fuel. This causes an increase of the gas lads on crank-piston system, which are influencing directly the piston with higher heat load, and the thermal load of the engine.

8

Influenceof Perkins 1104D-44TA motor powered with SME supply on the CO, NOx, THC and O2 emissions

Wcisło G., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Pracuch B., Leśniak A., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2018

|

Vol. 7, No 4

49--52

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the impact of Perkins 1104D-44TA engine powered with sunflower oil methyl esters and, for comparison, with diesel fuel, in terms of emission of CO, THC, NOx and O2. The tests were carried out on the engine test stand. During the tests, the engine worked according to the external speed characteristics in the range from 1000 to 2200 rpm. The esters used for powering the tested engine were produced using the GW 200 reactor designed and made by Grzegorz Wcisło, one of the co-authors of the paper. The results of the tests carried out showed a decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases, hydrocarbons when powering the engine with sunflower oil esters in relation to powering the engine with diesel fuel. At the same time, the concentration of nitrogen oxides and oxygen in the exhaust gases increased. The reduction of THC and CO emissions is the result of better combustion and afterburning of fuel. However, the increase in the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases results from the fact that in the biofuel structure there is oxygen which is used in combustion and reduces the oxygen demand from the atmosphere. On the other hand, the increase in NOx emissions is the result of a higher combustion temperature than when the engine is powered by diesel fuel.

9

Influence of the SME run Perkins 1104D-44TA engine on the power and torque as well as unitary and hourly fuelconsumption

Łagowski P., Kurczyński D., Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Leśniak A., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2018

|

Vol. 7, No 4

49--52

EN

The article presents the results of tests determining the impact of using sunflower oil methyl esters on power and torque as well as unitary and hourly fuel consumption of the Perkins 1104D-44TA engine. Biofuels were produced in the Fuel and Energy Laboratory belonging to the Maopolskie Centrum Energii Odnawialnej (Małopolskie Center for Renewable Energy Sources), while analyzes of the selected fuel parameters were performed both in the above-mentioned laboratory and in the Liquid Biofuels Laboratory at the University of Agriculture in Krakow. Engine tests were carried out on the engine test stand at the Kielce University of Technology. During the tests, the engine worked according to the external speed characteristic. The results of the tests have shown that the engine supplied with the SME achieves slightly lower values of both power and torque than in the case of commercial fuel oil type Ekodiesel Ultra from the ORLEN S.A company. There was also an increase, especially in the case of higher unitary fuel consumption. Hourly fuel consumption was higher when supplied with SME in relation to the diesel fuel supply, although not as much as unitary consumption. The increase in SME consumption at the engine supply can be explained by the lower fuel value of SME, which contains oxygen in its structure.

10

Angle of injection impact on the combustion proces in a compression-ignition engine

Łagowski P., Kurczyński D., Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2018

|

Vol. 7, No 4

29--36

EN

The article presents the impact of hydrocarbon fuel angle of injection on heat emission characteristics in a compression - ignition AD3.152 engine. The angle of injectionhas a significant impact on the primary engine operating parameters and combustion process indicators, which include the proportion of combustion which occurs according to kinetic and diffusion models, heat emission rate and the combustion process duration. The characteristics describing emission of a relative heat quantity were determined on the basis of an analysis of actual, indicator diagrams averaged over 100 runs, under the assumption that the combustion process ends by the time the exhaust valve opens. During the test, the engine operated according to an external speed characteristic. Tests were carried out for three fuel angles of injection: 13, 17 and 21 crankshaft rotation degrees.

11

Wskaźniki indykowane silnika Perkins 1104d-e44ta zasilanego dwupaliwowo olejem napędowym i gazem ziemnym

Łagowski P., Kurczyński D., Warianek M., Dąbrowski T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

562--567, CD

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena wpływu zasilania dwupaliwowego olejem napędowym i gazem ziemnym na wskaźniki indykowane silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym Perkins 1104D-E44TA. Analizie poddano rzeczywiste wykresy indykatorowe sporządzone przy pracy silnika wg zewnętrznej charakterystyki prędkościowej w zakresie prędkości obrotowej wału korbowego silnika od 1000 do 2400 obr/min. Na podstawie uśrednionych przebiegów ciśnienia w cylindrze sporządzano otwarte wykresy indykatorowe, które następnie poddawano analizie. Wyznaczano wskaźniki pracy badanego silnika jak: średnie ciśnienie indykowane pi, średnie ciśnienie efektywne pe, moc indykowaną Ni, moment indykowany Mi, sprawność indykowaną ηi, sprawność mechaniczną ηm, oraz jednostkowe indykowane zużycie paliwa gi.

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the effect of dual-fuel feed on diesel and natural gas on Indicated Engine Ignition Indicators Perkins 1104D-E44TA. The actual indicator diagrams prepared during engine operation according to the external speed characteristic in the engine crankshaft speed range from 1000 to 2400 rpm were analyzed. On the basis of the average pressure courses in the cylinder, open indicator diagrams were made, which were then analyzed. The operating parameters of the tested motor were determined as: average indicated pressure pi, average effective pressure pe, indicated power Ni, indicated torque Mi, indicated efficiency ηi, mechanical efficiency ηm, and unit-specific fuel consumption gi.

12

Wpływ współczesnych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych silników o zapłonie samoczynnym na bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne ich stosowania

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M., Dąbrowski T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

144--151, CD

PL

Tłokowe silniki spalinowe stosowane do napędu pojazdów samochodowych mają znaczący szkodliwy wpływ na środowisko życia człowieka. Powoduje to, że rozwój silników spalinowych jest od wielu lat stymulowany stale rosnącymi normatywnymi wymaganiami ekologicznymi. Wprowadzane są nowe rozwiązania w konstrukcji silników. Zmieniane są warunki zachodzenia procesów roboczych w ich cylindrach. Stosowane są nowe rozwiązania w układach zasilania paliwem, dolotu powietrza i wy-lotu spalin. Zmieniany jest skład paliw konwencjonalnych i poszukiwane są paliwa alternatywne oraz rozwijane są nowe rodzaje układów napędowych. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wybranych wskaźników efektywnych i ekologicznych dwóch silników o takiej samej konstrukcji, ale różniących się przede wszystkim rodzajem układu zasilania i sposobem sterowania przebiegiem doprowadzania paliwa i powietrza do cylindrów. Jeden z silników to Perkins 1104D-44TA sterowany mechanicznie i wyposażony w układ zasilania z rozdzielaczową pompą wtryskową. Drugi to Perkins 1104D-E44TA sterowany elektronicznie, w którym paliwo jest doprowadzane do cylindrów z wykorzystaniem układu zasilania Common Rail. Podczas badań stanowiskowych silniki pracowały według dwóch charakterystyk obciążeniowych. Wyznaczono i porównano wartości godzinowego zużycia paliwa, jednostkowego zużycia paliwa oraz wartości stężeń podstawowych składników spalin i zadymienia spalin badanych silników.

EN

Piston combustion engines used for propelling vehicles have a significantly harmful impact upon people’s living environment. As a result, for many years now the development of combustion engines has been to a large extent de-fined by growing legal ecological requirements. New constructional solutions are being introduced, the conditions of working processes in engine cylinders are being changed, new solutions are being implemented in fuel feeding systems, air intake systems and fumes exhaust. The composition of conventional fuel is being modified, alternative fuels are being sought for and new types of powering systems are being developed. This paper presents the comparison of selected efficiency and ecological indicators of two engines having the same construction, but different in the type of powering and the method of controlling the process of supplying fuel and air into cylinders. One of the engines is Perkins 1104D-44TA, mechanically controlled and equipped with a feeding system with distributor injection pump. The second one is the Perkins 1104D-E44TA, electronically controlled, where fuel is supplied into the cylinders by means of the Common Rail system. During the tests, the engines operated according to two load characteristics. Hourly and specific fuel consumption as well as concentration levels of main components of exhaust fumes and smokiness have been identified and compared.

13

The influence of the brake pad surface machining and finishing on its friction performance : examined by inertia brake dynamometer testing

Dąbrowski T., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

399--404, CD

EN

The article describes the influence of brake pads surface machining and finishing on their friction characteristics. It shows the methods of machining and finishing of the brake pads surface and their influence on noise emission and performance. It shows the brake dynamometer test results obtained on three brake pads which have three different types of surface modification and their detailed analysis and comparison.

14

The analysis of burnishing process influence on disc brake friction characteristics and its influence on vehicle safety : by inertia brake dynamometer testing

Dąbrowski T., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

393--398, CD

EN

The article describes the influence of the burnishing process on the disc brake friction characteristics. It shows the importance of brake burnish and how unburnished brake can affect vehicle safety. It shows the brake dynamometer test results obtained on six different brake pads compounds, their detailed analysis and comparison.

15

The impact of the injection phase of the pilot fuel dosage on the concentration of the nitric oxides in the exhaust gases of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine

Ambrozik A., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2017

|

z. 1/110

67--76

EN

Combustion engines are the main power source in various transport vehicles and industrial machines. They are most frequently used in land transport vehicles, where cars are the major means of transportation and a significant element of social and economic development of most countries. For that reason, the exhaust emission and noise limit standards are continuously tightened and attempts are made to reduce fuel consumption, which translates into significant technological demands for fuel injection systems, used for powering Diesel engines. The paper presents the selected test results of the PERKINS 1104-E44TA Diesel engine, which demonstrate the influence of the pilot fuel dosage on the nitric oxides concentration in the exhaust gases. The results have been obtained for three different angles of pilot dosage injection start. The test was carried out using the Nira control unit, which enables changing the engine regulation parameters. The testing facility was the engine test bench of the Laboratory of Thermal Engines of the Kielce University of Technology. During the tests, the engine was working with three selected load characteristics, and the measured elements included the concentration of nitric oxides in the exhaust gases as well as the basic parameters of the working engine. The tests have revealed that the angle of the pilot dosage injection start has a significant impact upon the course of the combustion process, thereby affecting the concentration of the nitric oxides in the exhaust gases.

PL

Silniki spalinowe stanowią główne źródło napędu w różnego rodzaju środkach transportu, jak również w maszynach roboczych. Najliczniej jednak stosowane są one w środkach transportu lądowego, gdzie pojazdy samochodowe są podstawowymi środkami transportu i stanowią bardzo istotny czynnik rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego większości krajów. Z tego powodu stale zaostrzane są wymagania w obszarze emisji spalin i natężenia hałasu oraz uzyskiwania najniższego zużycia paliwa, a to z kolei stawia coraz większe wymagania dotyczące działania układów wtryskowych wykorzystywanych do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym PERKINS 1104-E44TA dotyczących wpływu dawki pilotującej na stężenie w spalinach tlenków azotu. Zaprezentowano zestawienie wyników badań dla trzech różnych kątów początku wtrysku dawki pilotującej. Badanie te realizowano przy użyciu zewnętrznej centralki sterującej firmy Nira, która umożliwia zmianę wszystkich parametrów regulacyjnych pracy silnika. Badania przeprowadzono na hamowni silnikowej w Laboratorium Silników Cieplnych Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Podczas badań silnik pracował według trzech wybranych charakterystyk obciążeniowych. W ramach badań dokonywano pomiarów stężenia tlenków azotu w spalinach jak również podstawowych parametrów pracy silnika. Jak wykazały badania kąt początku wtrysku dawki pilotującej ma istotny wpływ na przebieg procesu spalania a tym samym na stężenie tlenków azotu.

16

Load characteristics of the perkins Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine, powered with diesel fuel and natural gas

Ambrozik A., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2017

|

z. 1/110

55--65

EN

The development of internal combustion engines is compelled by the strive to reduce their negative impact upon natural environment. One of many possible options to gradually eliminate the issue of engines’ negative impact is using alternative fuels. Natural gas has gained the recognition of the European Union and the EU member states have been obliged to build the natural gas refuelling infrastructure by 2025. The paper presents the outlook on using natural gas as a fuel in the EU transport sector as well as its major properties as regards its use in powering internal combustion engines. The paper compared the load characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine, originally fitted with the Common Rail fuelling system. The characteristics were determined with the engine powered by diesel fuel as well by both diesel fuel and natural gas. With the engine supplied with two fuels, the brake horse-power and the torque were lower, while the hour and specific fuel consumption level were higher. Moreover, when the engine operated with two fuels supplied, the concentration levels of the carbon oxide and unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust gases were higher, whereas the levels for carbon dioxide and nitric oxides were lower when compared to the exhaust gases of the engine powered by diesel fuel only.

PL

Rozwój tłokowych silników spalinowych wymuszany jest dążeniem do ograniczenia ich negatywnego wpływu na środowisko. Jednym z wielu różnych możliwych sposobów stopniowego rozwiązywania tego problemu jest stosowanie paliw alternatywnych w stosunku do obecnie stosowanych benzyn i olejów napędowych. Paliwem na które znaczną uwagę zwróciła Unia Europejska jest gaz ziemny. Państwa Unii Europejskiej zostały zobowiązane do zbudowania do 2025 roku infrastruktury umożliwiającej tankowanie gazu ziemnego do samochodów. W artykule przedstawiono perspektywy rozwoju zastosowania gazu ziemnego w transporcie Unii Europejskiej i jego najważniejsze właściwości jako paliwa do zasilania tłokowych silników spalinowych. Porównano charakterystyki obciążeniowe silnika Perkins 1104D-E44TA fabrycznie wyposażonego w układ zasilania Common Rail, wyznaczone przy jego zasilaniu olejem napędowym oraz przy jego zasilaniu dwupaliwowym, to jest gazem ziemnym i olejem napędowym. Zasilając silnik dwupaliwowo otrzymano mniejsze wartości mocy efektywnej i efektywnego momentu obrotowego oraz większe wartości godzinowego i jednostkowego zużycia paliwa. Ponadto zasilając silnik sprężonym gazem ziemnym i olejem napędowym otrzymano w spalinach większe stężenia niespalonych węglowodorów i tlenku węgla oraz mniejsze stężenia dwutlenku węgla i tlenków azotu, w porównaniu do zasilania silnika olejem napędowym.

17

Ecological indicators of the perkins 1104D-e44TA engine after its adaptation for being powered with natural gas and diesel fuel

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Journal of KONES

|

2017

|

Vol. 24, No. 3

143--150

EN

The contemporary progress of automotive industry and transportation is determined to a large extent by the increasing environmental requirements, aimed at limiting the harmful impact of vehicles upon human life and people’s health. A crucial issue linked with operating vehicles is the exhaust gases generated by internal combustion engines. In order to reduce this hazardous impact upon the natural environment, the construction of the engines is continuously improved, electronic controlling is being developed for managing the course of working processes taking place in cylinders and auxiliary systems, exhaust gases cleaning systems are being developed, alternative fuels are being sought for and the possibilities of their optimal use are being examined. Natural gas is the fuel that is highly expected and hoped to be used more widely for powering internal combustion engines in vehicles. This article presents the values of selected ecological indicators of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA Diesel engine, powered by compressed natural gas and Diesel fuel (CNG + ON). For comparison reasons, the engine was powered with both fuels at the same time and then only by Diesel fuel (ON) in the same working conditions. Before the tests, the powering system control unit had been calibrated so as to enable obtaining similar values of torque while the engine was powered with the Diesel fuel only and with both CNG and ON while working with external speed characteristics; the calibration was also set up to allow for the maximum share of the natural gas in the total fuel amount supplied into the engine cylinders without engine knocking. When powering the engine with both CNG and Diesel fuel, the concentration levels of nitric oxides and carbon dioxide in exhaust gases were lower. However, the total content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases grew multiple times, and the content of the carbon monoxide was significantly increased. In addition, the obtained measurement results of the smokiness of the exhaust gases and the content of the soot with the engine powered with two fuels were not satisfactory.

18

External speed characteristic for the Perkins 1104D-44TA engine fuelled by sunflower oil methyl esters

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Leśniak A.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2017

|

Vol. 6, No 4

111--120

EN

The publication presents test results for a Perkins 1104D - 44TA engine powered by SME sunflower oil fatty acids methyl esters. The SME biofuel was manufactured in-house using a GW-200 reactor at MCOŹE "BioEnergia". The test was carried out at an engine test stand at Kielce University of Technology's Heat Engine Laboratory. During the test the engine operated according to an external speed characteristic. The tests aimed to determine the impact of using an SME type biofuel to power the engine on the engine's primary performance indicator values. A slight decrease to the brake horsepower and torque of the tested engine powered by sunflower oil esters as compared to diesel was recorded. Fuel consumption of the engine powered by plant origin fuel also increased. No operating problems were experienced associated with powering the engine using sunflower oil esters during the tests.

19

Ecological indicators for the Perkins 1104D-44TA engine fuelled by sunflower oil methyl esters operating according to load characteristics

Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Wcisło G., Pracuch B., Tomyuk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2017

|

Vol. 6, No 4

71--80

EN

Fuels constitute one of the research areas within the scope of piston internal combustion engines. The works encompass both conventional as well as alternative fuels. Fuels are sought which will contribute to a reduction in the negative impact of transport on the natural environment and humans. These may be fuels obtained from organic raw materials of agricultural (most often) or forest origin. When it comes to compression-ignition engines, Biodiesel B100 type biofuels can be used to fuel them, which most often constitute a long chain fatty acid ester, made from plant oils or animal fats. The publication presents ecological indicator test results for a compression – ignition engine fuelled by SME Biodiesel, or sunflower oil methyl esters and commercially available diesel as a benchmark. During the tests, the engine operated according to load characteristics at two different crankshaft rotational speeds. A sunflower oil ethyl ester fuelled engine returned beneficial values for most of the tested ecological indicators as compared to a diesel fuelled engine. Concentrations of substances such as CO, CO2, unburned hydrocarbons (THC), particulate matter (PM) were lower in the engine emissions, exhaust smoke levels were also reduced. Only nitrogen oxides (ONx) increased.

20

External speed–torque characteristics of Fiat 0.9 TwinAir petroland CNG-fuelled engine

Ambrozik A., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P., Warianek M.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 4

222--226

EN

The paper presents the results of the experimental study of the turbocharged spark ignition Fiat 0.9 TwinAir engine, with indirect, multipoint petrol injection system, powered by petrol and equipped with the injection system of the compressed natural gas (CNG) supplying gas into the intake manifold. The test results provide the comparison of the selected fuel-efficiency, energetic and ecologic indicators of engine work, obtained when it is powered by Pb95 petrol and the CNG gas. The paper compares the external torque-speed characteristics with factory-set engine controllers. Also presented are the concentration levels of harmful gases in the exhaust fumes: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Results obtained on the engine powered by CNG are indicating lower power and torque, lower concentration of hazardous gases, in particular carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons as well as significantly lower consumption of the gas when compared to petrol.