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Dendrochronological dating as the basis for developing a landslide hazard map – An example from the Western Carpathians, Poland

Łuszczyńska K., Wistuba M., Malik I., Krąpiec M., Szypuła B.

Geochronometria

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2018

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Vol. 45, no. 1

173--184

EN

Most landslide hazard maps are developed on the basis of an area’s susceptibility to a landslide occurrence, but dendrochronological techniques allows one to develop maps based on past landslide activity. The aim of the study was to use dendrochronological techniques to develop a landslide hazard map for a large area, covering 3.75 km2. We collected cores from 131 trees growing on 46 sampling sites, measured tree-ring width, and dated growth eccentricity events (which occur when tree rings of different widths are formed on opposite sides of a trunk), recording the landslide events which had occurred over the previous several dozen years. Then, the number of landslide events per decade was calculated at every sampling site. We interpolated the values obtained, added layers with houses and roads, and developed a landslide hazard map. The map highlights areas which are potentially safe for existing buildings, roads and future development. The main advantage of a landslide hazard map developed on the basis of dendrochronological data is the possibility of acquiring long series of data on landslide activity over large areas at a relatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that the results obtained relate to the measurement of anatomical changes and the macroscopic characteristics of the ring structure occurring in the wood of tilted trees, and these factors merely provide indirect information about the time of the landslide event occurrence.

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Can we distinguish between tree-ring eccentricity developed as a result of landsliding and prevailing winds? consequences for dendrochronological dating

Wistuba M., Malik I., Krąpiec M.

Geochronometria

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2018

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Vol. 45, no. 1

223--234

EN

The aim of our study was to compare patterns of tree-ring eccentricity developed in Norway spruce trees as a result of landsliding with the one caused by the prevailing wind (in 2 study sites), and with the normal growth of trees (in 2 reference sites). We sampled 20 trees per study site and 10 per reference site. Two cores were taken from each tree (120 cores in total) from the upslope and downslope, windward and leeward sides of stems. Ring widths measured on opposite sides of stems were compared using the method of percent eccentricity index. Graphs of the index obtained for individual trees were analysed. Statistical indicators were calculated for a percent eccentricity index. Disturbance events were dated and the response index was calculated. The results show that the patterns of eccentricity developed as a result of the prevailing winds and due to landsliding differ from one another and from the reference sites. The results suggest that the impact of the prevailing wind on tree growth is more severe than the impact of landsliding. The difference may result from the slow-moving character of the landslide under study. The results, however, indicate that wind impact should be taken into account in dendrogeomorphic research and that the impact of mass movements should be considered in dendroecological studies on wind.

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Relief evolution of landslide slopes in the Kamienne Mts (Central Sudetes, Poland) - analysis of a high-resolution DEM from airborne LiDAR

Osika A., Wistuba M., Malik I.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2018

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

1--20

EN

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the development of landslide relief in the Kamienne Mountains (Central Sudetes, SW Poland) based on a DEM from LiDAR data. Analyses of relief and geological maps in ArcGIS 10.5 and of slope cross-sections in Surfer 14 allowed to distinguish different types of landslide relief, developed in latites and trachybasalts lying above claystones and mudstones. The types vary from small, poorly visible landslides to vast landslides with complex relief. They were interpreted as consecutive stages of geomorphic evolution of hillslope-valley topography of the study area. Two main schemes have been established which explain the development of landslide slopes in the Kamienne Mts: (1) upslope, from the base of the slope towards the mountain ridge and (2) downslope, beginning on the top of the mountain ridge. The direction of landslide development depends on the thickness of volcanic rocks in relation to underlying sedimentary rocks. When the latter appear only in the lowest part of the slope, landslides develop upslope. If sedimentary rocks dominate on the slope and volcanic rocks form only its uppermost part, landslides develop downslope. The results show that landsliding leads to significant modifications of relief of the study area, including complete degradation of mountain ridges.

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Activity of Slow-Moving Landslides Recorded in Eccentric Tree Rings of Norway Spruce Trees (Picea Abies Karst.) — An Example from the Kamienne MTS. (Sudetes MTS., Central Europe)

Malik I., Wistuba M., Migoń P., Fajer M.

Geochronometria

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2016

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Vol. 43, no. 1

24--37

EN

We found ubiquitous evidence of ongoing slope instability by analysing the variability of tree-ring eccentricity index in trees growing on three apparently relict landslide slopes in the Sudetes (Poland, Central Europe). Slow movement of these landslide bodies occurs in the present-day conditions and is recorded almost every year, although with variable intensity. Correlation of dendrochronological record with the rainfall record from a nearby station in Mieroszów for the 1977–2007 period is very poor for two deep-seated rotational slides at Mt Suchawa and Mt Turzyna but considerably better for a shallow flowslide at Mt Garbatka. While this may reflect higher permeability of heavily jointed rocks involved in deep-seated sliding this could be linked with imperfections in the rainfall record. Dendrochronology proved capable of detecting minor displacements within landslides which otherwise show no geomorphic evidence of recent activity. Therefore, claims for the entirely relict nature of the landslides are not substantiated.

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Historical water-powered ferrous metallurgy reconstructed from tree-rings and lacustrine deposits (Mała Panew Basin, southern Poland)

Malik I., Wistuba M., Opała M., Franek M., Woskowicz-Ślęzak B., Mańczyk G., Tyrol Cz.

Geochronometria

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2015

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Vol. 42, no.1

79--90

EN

According to historical sources in the basin of Mała Panew River there were at least 56 water- powered iron smelters from 14th–19th century. Now only two metallurgy plants work in the area. Many of the former smelting settlements ceased to exist. Historical data on the smelting industry in the area are often scarce. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the history of ferrous metallurgy from (1) the remains of wooden historical buildings, (2) remains of charcoal kilns and (3) deposits from former smelter pond. Results show that Regolowiec smelting settlement existed already in the 17th century (at least several decades earlier than historical written sources suggest) and was later repaired after destruction caused probably by floods. Charcoal used for iron smelting in the ironworks in Brusiek on the Mała Panew River was burnt at the turn of the 18th century. This is in accordance with historical sources indicating particular prosperity of the metallurgy in that period. Upstream of the ironworks in Brusiek in the first half of the 17th century a large pond existed flooding the floor of the Mała Panew valley. Study has shown that the pond was at least 100 years older than historical sources have indicated.

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Formy osuwiskowe w Górach Kamiennych (Sudety Środkowe) : kryteria identyfikacji i oceny zagrożeń

Migoń P., Kacprzak A., Malik I., Kasprzak M.

Landform Analysis

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2014

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Vol. 26

39--60

PL

W Górach Kamiennych (Sudety Środkowe) powszechnie występują formy rzeźby związane z osuwiskami, które powstały w okresie przedhistorycznym. Zostały one rozpoznane na podstawie terenowego kartowania geomorfologicznego, wspomaganego interpretacją cyfrowego modelu wysokości zbudowanego z wysokorozdzielczych danych LiDAR, i dokumentują różne rodzaje przemieszczeń: translacyjne, rotacyjne, spływanie materiału, rozciąganie, a lokalnie również obrywy. Badania stopnia rozwoju gleb wskazują, że obok osuwisk starych, stabilnych w holocenie występują formy młode, które powstały lub były reaktywowane w holocenie. Na holoceńską aktywność wskazują także nieliczne daty radiowęglowe. Deformacje przyrostów rocznych drzew porastających osuwiska stwierdzone w trakcie badań dendrochronologicznych pozwalają wnioskować o utrzymującej się niestabilności niektórych form i powolnym ruchu. Ogólnie zagrożenia związane z osuwiskami w Górach Kamiennych w obecnych warunkach środowiskowych i przy obecnym stanie zagospodarowania można uznać za niewielkie, nieznana jest jednak możliwa reakcja osuwisk na postępujące zmiany klimatu i ewentualne zmiany użytkowania ziemi. Artykuł ma głównie charakter przeglądowy i zawiera podsumowanie wcześniej prowadzonych badań i ich opublikowanych rezultatów.

EN

In the Kamienne Mountains (Middle Sudetes) landforms resulting from prehistoric landslides are common. They have been recognized through detailed field geomorphological mapping, aided by interpretation of high-resolution digital elevation models built from LiDAR data, and provide evidence of different types of movement, including translational and rotational slides, flowslides, lateral spreading, and rock fall. Soil research focused on soil development shows that ancient, stable landslide terrains coexist with much younger landslides, initiated or reactivated in the Holocene. Holocene activity is also suggested by sparse radiocarbon dates. Tree ring deformations revealed by dendrochronological research allow to infer persistent instability of certain landslides and their ongoing slow movement. Generally, hazards associated with landslides in the Kamienne Mts, given the current environmental conditions and land use, may be considered as low, but a possible reaction of landslide systems to climate change and any major land use changes is unknown. The paper is largely of review type and summarizes results obtained and published before.

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Human-planted alder trees as a protection against debris flows (a dendrochronological study from the Moxi Basin, Southwestern China)

Malik I., Tie Y., Owczarek P., Wistuba M., Pilorz W., Woskowicz-Ślęzak B.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 3

208--216

EN

Large debris flows have destroyed the infrastructure and caused the death of people living in the Moxi Basin (Sichuan Province, Southwestern China). Inhabitants of the Moxi Basin live on the flat surfaces of debris-flow fans, which are also attractive for farming. During the monsoon season debris flows are being formed above the fans. Debris flows can destroy the houses of any people liv-ing within the fan surfaces. In order to prevent the adverse effects of flows, people plant alder trees (Alnus nepalensis) at the mouths of debris flow gullies running above debris flow fans. Alders are able to capture the debris transported during flow events. Trees are well adapted to surviving in con-ditions of environmental stress connected with abrupt transport and deposition of sediment from de-bris flows. Numerous wounds, tilting and bending of alder trees caused by debris flows only very rarely cause the death of trees. By dating scars and dating the time of alder tilting (through the analy-sis of annual rings), we have determined the frequency of debris flows occurring at the mouth of the Daozhao valley. In 1980-2012 within the studied debris-flow fan and the Daozhao gully, 2 large de-bris flow events occurred (1996, 2005) and some smaller events were probably recorded every 2-3 years.

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Dendrochronological methods for reconstructing mass movements - an example of landslide activity analysis using tree-ring eccentricity

Malik I., Wistuba M.

Geochronometria

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2012

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Vol. 39, no. 3

180-196

EN

Dendrochronological methods can be applied to the reconstruction of different types of en-vironmental events such as climate changes, fires, glacier movements, floods, earthquakes, volcano activity. In the field of geomorphology dendrochronology is increasingly frequently used for the abso-lute dating of different types of mass-movements (rock falls, landslides and debris flows, etc.). Trees growing on slopes transformed by mass-movements are tilted and wounded while their stems and root systems are exposed or buried under sediment. These events are recorded in wood anatomy as eccen-tric growth, reaction wood, scar overgrowth by callous tissue, changes in cell size or adventitious root production. Dating changes in wood anatomy allows to date and precisely reconstruct the spatial and temporal occurrence of mass-movements with at least one year resolution. The paper provides a re-view of existing dendrochronological tools used in geomorphology and also an example of the appli-cation of eccentric tree-growth to reconstruct landsliding. Using tree-ring eccentricity allows to (1) obtain a dynamic depiction of slopes, (2) study landslide activity, not only contemporary, but also in the last tens of hundreds of years (depending on the stand age).

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Dendrochronological records of debris flow and avalanche activity in a mid-mountain forest zone (Eastern Sudetes - Central Europe)

Malik I., Owczarek P.

Geochronometria

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2009

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Vol. 34

57-66

EN

Dendrochronological methods were used to determine the frequency of debris flow/avalanche events in a forest zone. A debris flow and avalanche track located in the Eastern Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) was analysed. The length of the youngest debris flow/avalanche track is about 750 m. Three distinct sections of the debris flow can be identified along the longitudinal section: niche, gully and tongue. The dendrochronological study shows that trees started growing on the margins of the debris flow between 1908 and 1963. Hence, debris flow and/or avalanche events occurred on this slope at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. All trees collected from the tongue started growing between 1935 and 1964. However, a large debris flow event took place several years before, most probably during an extraordinary rainfall in June 1921. Following this event, several relatively large debris flows have occurred during the growing season, the strongest dendrochronologically confirmed events occurring in 1968, 1971-1972, 1991, 1997 and probably in 1977. Spring debris flow events induced by snow melt and/or avalanches have occurred in 1994 and 2004. The results suggest that with favourable geological conditions, debris flows can occur very frequently within entirely forested slopes.

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Erozja wąwozowa zapisana w odsłanianych korzeniach drzew na Wysoczyźnie Proboszczowickiej pod Górą Św. Anny

Malik I.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 4

326-332

EN

Erosion occurs in permanent gullies cutting into the undulating loess plateau in southern Poland. The gully slopes are mainly vegetated with beech trees as opposed to the surface of the plateau summit, which is cultivated agricultural land, devoid of forests for at least 18 centuries [od 18 wieków czy od XVIII wieku – czyli “since 1700s”?]. Beech roots are exposed in the gullies through erosion. Wood cells in the tree rings divide into early wood and late wood and, after the roots are exposed, also start to make fewer cells. In the roots on the border between exposed and unexposed tree rings in the tree roots, scars sometimes occur. This is an effect produced by corrasion by dolomites and limestones lying under the loess cover and re-deposition of building material stored by people in the higher part of the gullies. These anatomical changes in root tree rings allow one to date erosion episodes. Dating of the exposure of roots indicates that intensive erosion took place in the gullies starting in the 1980s. Since that time, numerous extreme rainfall events responsible for initiating erosion have also occurred. They contribute to deepening valleys causing new incisions to develop on hillslopes and headcut retreat in upper parts of the valleys studied at theWysoczyna Proboszczowicka near Góra św. Anny. The bottom of the valley head eroded during extreme rainfall events in 1984 and 1991. Erosion here alternates with deposition, its speed being relatively small. Incisions in hill slopes retreated during the flood in 1997, but they originated during earlier rainfall episodes. Such incisions retreat 2.5–3 m/year, i.e., relatively fast.

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Gully erosion dating by means of anatomical changes in exposed roots (Proboszczowicka Plateau, Southern Poland)

Malik I.

Geochronometria

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2006

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Vol. 25

57-66

EN

Re-incision occurs in gullies in the undulating loess plateau in southern Poland. The gully hillslopes are mainly covered with beech trees. The beech roots are exposed in the gullies through erosion. The wood cells in the root tree rings divide into early wood and late wood, and after the roots are exposed, they start to make fewer cells. Dolomites and limestones lying under the loess cover are transported and wound the tree roots. As a result of this process on the border between exposed and unexposed tree rings in the tree roots, scars sometimes occur. These anatomical changes in root tree rings allow to date erosion episodes with one year accuracy. Dating of the exposure of roots indicates that intensive gully erosion in the studied gully started in the 1970s. Since that time, numerous extreme rainfall events responsible for initiating erosion have also occurred. The bottom of the valley head eroded during extreme rainfall events in 1984 and 1991. Erosion here alternates with deposition, its rate being relatively small. Incisions in hillslopes retreated during the flood in 1997, but they originated during earlier rainfall episodes. Hillslope undercutting occurring in the lower part of the gully was formed during older erosion episodes in 1971 and 1984.

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Uwarunkowania geomorfologiczne migracji metali ciężkich w osadach fluwialnych : dolina Małej Panwi

Ciszewski D., Malik I., Wardas M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

163--174

EN

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in the overbank and channel sediments of the Mała Panew River in southern Poland. Overbank sediment samples were taken in ten vertical profiles up to 2.2 m long within paleochannel infills in four selected XX century floodplains and in 66 profiles,60 cm-long, situated at different height above the water table. Channel sediments were sampled 12 times at the same 10 channel locations within the period of two years. In samples collected, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were determined and for selected samples sequential extraction was carried out.Within incised and laterally stable river sections polluted, 20th century sediments occur only in a narrow terrace steps up to 2 m high. Also, in the regulated river section, polluted sediments occur only in several cm thick layers on the 1.8–2.2 m high flood plain. On the contrary, in natural forested valley sections, in which river channel migrates laterally 0.5 m/year on average, the thick polluted sediments occur along the channel at depth up to 2.5 m in a zone about 50 m wide. Differences of heavy metal concentrations between sediment layers of similar age, high proportion of Cd and Zn in the mobile exchangeable fraction and poor buffer capacity of sandy sediments suggest rather high migration rate of Cd and Zn and much lower of Ba, Pb and Cu. Also very high Cd and Zn concentrations in sandy channel sediments could be related to transport of these elements in solution and precipitation. The migration of metals depends most of all on frequency of groundwater level fluctuations. The intensive river bank erosion and clear evidences of metal migration in natural river reaches suggest rapid transfer of these elements between the channel and river banks. Along river reaches with the stable river channel, the floodplain represents a long-term sink for heavy metals and their transfer back to the channel is much slower. The incised river reaches, in which the smallest amount of the heavy metal polluted sediments accumulates are transitional zones for heavy metal load.

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Zapis XX-wiecznej historii zanieczyszczenia rzeki Małej Panwi metalami ciężkimi w jej osadach

Ciszewski D., Malik I.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

142--147

PL

Koncentracje metali ciężkich były badane w profilach pionowych w osadach aluwialnych akumulowanych w zakolu Małej Panwi, wypływającej w zachodniej części Górnego Śląska. Maksymalne koncentracje Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb i Zn obserwowane w każdym z profili odzwierciedlają maksymalne ładunki tych pierwiastków zrzucane wraz ze ściekami głównie z zakładów chemicznych w Tarnowskich Górach i z huty cynku w Miasteczku Śląskim. Znajomość wieku tych zrzutów zanieczyszczeń umożliwiła określenie także wieku najbardziej zanieczyszczonych warstw. Głębokość występowania pików metali ciężkich tego samego wieku zmienia się gwałtownie pomiędzy kolejnymi odsypami w migrującym lateralnie zakolu rzeki. Osady akumulowane około 1960 roku występują na głębokości 130 cm w odległości 10 m od obecnego koryta, na głębokości 50 cm w odległości 30 m i tylko 15 cm od powierzchni w odległości 45 m od koryta. Również, zmienność koncentracji chromu i talu w osadach, pierwiastków których wielkości zrzucanych ładunków nie były monitorowane, pozwoliła na ocenę wielkości okresu maksymalnego zanieczyszczenia nimi Małej Panwi. Chronologia akumulacji osadów w badanym zakolu została potwierdzona za pomocą datowania porastających je drzew i przez nałożenie dwóch XX w. edycji map.

EN

Heavy metal concentrations have been investigated in vertical profiles of the Mala Panew River sediments, Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Peaks of the Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations observed reflect the highest loads of these elements discharged with sewage effluents from chemical plants in Tarnowskie Góry and zinc smelter plants in Miasteczko Śląskie. The known dates of the highest pollution loads allow for fine unit stratigraphy using metal concentrations. The depths of heavy metal peaks of the same age change abruptly between point bar sediments accumulated in actively migrating channel bend. Sediments accumulated at 1960 occur at the depth 130 cm 10 mfrom the present river channel, whereas at the 50 cm depth-30 mfrom the channel and at 15 cm depth-45 m from the channel. Moreover, the timing of the pollution with thalium and chromium, which have never been monitored in sewage effluents, has been estimated. The sediment accumulation chronology obtained is supported by the tree age dating and channel changes on the twentieth 's century maps.

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Rekonstrukcja tempa migracji bocznej koryta rzeki Małej Panwi na podstawie datowań kłód i drzew

Malik I.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 5

454-457

PL

Równinę zalewową Małej Panwi porastają głównie sosny (Pinus sylvestris). Podczas wezbrań dochodzi do podcinania brzegów rzeki w wyniku czego drzewa są obalane do koryta, gdzie zalegają jako kłody. Sosny porastające równinę zalewową zostały nasadzone. Rosną one w jednakowych odległościach względem siebie, dzięki temu można wyznaczyć powierzchnię erodowanej równiny zalewowej przypadającą na obalenie jednego drzewa. Konstrukcja lokalnej skali dendrochronologicznej pozwoliła datować kłody sosnowe zalegające w korycie rzecznym. Znając ich wiek i powierzchnię erodowanej równiny zalewowej przypadającą na obalenie jednej sosny, można obliczyć tempo migracji bocznej koryta. Wyniki obliczeń z dwóch stanowisk wykazały iż wynosi ono 0,05-0,15 m /rok. Innym sposobem rekonstrukcji tempa migracji bocznej koryta rzeki jest wnioskowanie oparte na oznaczaniu wieku drzew porastających różnowiekowe poziomy łach meandrowych. Poziomy te są porastane głównie przez olchy (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana). Najstarsze drzewa w obrębie każdego poziomu dostarczają informacji o jego minimalnym wieku, co pozwala rekonstruować tempo migracji bocznej koryta. Wyniki obliczeń z dwóch stanowisk wykazały iż wynosi ono 0,47-1,07 m /rok.

EN

The flood plain of the meandering Mala Panew River is covered primarily with the tree genus Pinus sylvestris. During high discharges these trees fall into the river bed because of cutting its banks. The fallen trees (Course Woody Debris - CWD) enable to measure the rate of bank erosion. The pines covering the flood plain were planted. They grow at equal distances from each other. When a tree falls into the river bed, information is obtained as for the extent of flood plain erosion. Construction of the local dendrochronological scale allows to date CWD in the river bed. If the age of CWD and the surface of eroded flood plain taken up by one fallen tree is known, the rate of lateral migration can be calculated. The results obtained from two sites were 0.05-0.15 m/oneyear. The other way of reconstruction of lateral migration is dating of trees growing on varying in age levels of meandering bars. These levels are covered primarily with the tree genera Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana. The oldest trees within every level give information about the minimum level age allowing to reconstruct the rate of lateral migration. The value obtained for two sites of the Mala Panew River was 0.47-1.07 m/one vear.