Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty jakości informacji w konfliktach zbrojnych. W rozważaniach wykorzystano metodę krytycznej analizy literatury oraz wyniki badań empirycznych prowadzonych w środowisku oficerów WP, a także wśród funkcjonariuszy Policji. Struktura artykułu obejmuje cztery zasadnicze zagadnienia. W pierwszym przedstawiono jakość informacji poprzez jej atrybuty. Drugie zagadnienie koncentruje się na jakości informacji w procesie dowodzenia wojskami. Natomiast trzecie zagadnienie wyjaśnia kwestie związane z informacją na potrzeby targetingu. Zagadnieniem dopełniającym całość prowadzonych rozważań jest interpretacja terminu „informacja rozpoznawcza”. W treści artykułu wykorzystano wnioski z doświadczeń uzyskane w czasie konfliktów militarnych w Iraku i w Afganistanie.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze the quality of information in military conflicts, using examples of Afghan and Iraq war. At the beginning of this paper the quality of information and its attributes have been presented. Secondly the quality of the information in the command process in the army has been analyzed. Thirdly the issue of the targeting has been presented. Finally the article presents the interpretation of term of the reconnaissance information. During research the method of critical analysis has been used as well as the results of the empirical research conducted among military and police officers.
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Autor zwraca uwagę na sposób, w jaki Federacja Rosyjska wykorzystuje swoją doktrynę wojenną do kształtowania polityki międzynarodowej. Na wybranych przykładach wskazuje związki między zapisami doktryny a działaniami rosyjskich sił zbrojnych. Celem podejmowanych działań jest uzyskanie przewagi strategicznej w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie granic Federacji Rosyjskiej oraz wpływanie na poziom bezpieczeństwa w regionach zainteresowania. Z analizy wynika, że siły zbrojne zmierzające do projekcji zdolności militarnych stanowią istotny instrument kształtowania rosyjskiej polityki zagranicznej i odtwarzania mocarstwowej roli Rosji w świecie.
EN
The author draws attention to the way the Russian Federation uses its military doctrine to shape its international politics. He presents examples to show the connections between the provisions of the doctrine and the activities of Russian military forces. The aim of undertaken activities is to gain strategic advantage in the close vicinity of Russian Federation's borders and influence the level of security in regions of interest. An analysis shows that military forces aiming at displaying their military capabilities are an important instrument of shaping Russia's foreign policy and regaining its powerful position in the international arena.
Temat strat i marnotrawstwa żywności pojawia się w wielu opracowaniach naukowych, m.in. jako problem społeczny, gospodarczy, środowiskowy oraz etyczny. Dane FAO wskazują, że nawet 1/3 ogółu wyprodukowanej i znajdującej się w obrocie żywności nie zostaje spożytkowana zgodnie z jej pierwotnym przeznaczeniem. Jest to bardzo niepokojące i dotyczy całego łańcucha żywnościowego „od pola do stołu”, tj. od produkcji pierwotnej do ostatecznej konsumpcji w gospodarstwach domowych. Jeden z trzech produktów zakupionych przez konsumenta na ogół ulega zmarnowaniu. Podejmowane są więc liczne działania, których celem jest ograniczenie strat. Jednym z rozwiązań jest model MOST, łączący możliwość ograniczenia marnotrawstwa żywności w Polsce ze wsparciem osób najbardziej potrzebujących.
EN
Food waste and losses because of their quantity are the main issue in many studies, where they are shown as social, economic and ethical problems. Data presented by FAO indicate that even 1/3 of all of food produced and being in turnover are not used according to their destiny. This phenomenon is very troubling because it applies to all stages of food chain „from field to the table” – from production to our households. One of three products, bought by the consumer, is wasted without opening it. Accordingly, the number of activities are undertaken in order to mitigate the losses. One of the solutions is MOST model, which meets the economic and social aspect ability to reduce food waste in Poland and support of people being most in need.
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Konflikty nowego wieku nie zawsze mają znamiona (cechy) typowego konfliktu. Wiele z nich rozpoczyna się bowiem długo przed faktycznym zainicjowaniem działań identyfikowanych jako starcie interesów. Szeroki kontekst konfliktu sprawia, że można rozpatrywać go jako zjawisko społeczne w różnych aspektach. Niemniej jednak z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa jest to proces, w którym państwo lub organizacja (sojusz, przymierze) dąży do osiągnięcia własnych celów drogą wyeliminowania, podporządkowania sobie, a niekiedy zniszczenia przeciwnika (eliminacja zagrożenia). W tym aspekcie działania psychologiczne stanowią część ogólnego procesu destabilizacji zaufania, systemu wartości oraz przekonań potencjalnych obiektów. Działania psychologiczne są zwykle podejmowane długo przed zasadniczą fazą konfliktu. Autor na wybranych przykładach dowodzi, jak istotnym elementem składowym współczesnych konfliktów są operacje informacyjne, a w ich trakcie - działania psychologiczne.
EN
Conflicts of the new century do not always have the characteristics of a typical conflict. Many of them start long before actual commencement of operations identified as conflict of interests. The wide context of a conflict makes it possible to look at it as a social phenomenon from various aspects. Nevertheless, as it comes to security, it is a process in which a state or an organization (alliance, union) strives to achieve its own goals by eliminating, subjugating, and sometimes destroying the enemy (elimination of a threat). In this aspect, psychological operations are a part of a general process of destabilizing the trust, value system and convictions of potential objects. Psychological operations are usually undertaken lang before the main phase of a conflict. The author, basing on selected examples, shows the significance of information operations, including psychological operations, as an element of current conflicts.
The aim of this article is to analyze intelligence activities in both the economy as well as in the politics. The fundamentals of economy intelligence derived from the military intelligence. Many techniques and modes of action, which are using in the military, have been successfully implemented in the civil intelligence. As the cases used in the paper exemplified: intelligence activity in the business and management field is not exactly new phenomenon. Nowadays collecting information about competition is often conduced by professional companies. The goal of this companies is collecting information about new technology, personal data and databases. That is why prevention from business intelligence become more and more important.
W łańcuchu mleczarskim wyodrębnić można miejsca i procesy, gdzie istnieje możliwość odzyskiwania produktów mleczarskich na cele żywnościowe. Jest to obszar nowego podejścia do logistyki odzysku tych produktów, zaproponowanego w pracy, prowadzonego w specyficznych warunkach ograniczeń i regulacji rynku produktów żywnościowych. Ten specyficzny proces logistyczny wymaga prac konceptualnych zdefiniowania i opisu procedur oraz dalszych badań o charakterze interdyscyplinarnym. W części badawczej pracy określono przyczyny i ryzyko strat produktów mleczarskich w procesach logistycznych oraz możliwą skalę i sposoby zagospodarowania tych produktów przez centrum dystrybucyjne, oraz a także oszacowano, jaka ilość tych produktów mogłaby zostać wykorzystana na cele społeczne.
EN
In a dairy chain, places and processes can be distinguished, where there is the possibility of recovery of dairy products for food purposes. This is an area of a new approach to the recovery of these products logistics, proposed in the work carried out under specific conditions and regulatory constraints market food products. This specific logistics process requires the work of conceptual definition and description of the procedures and further interdisciplinary research. As part of the research work, the causes and risks of loss of dairy products in the logistics processes and possible scale and ways of developing these products through a distribution center and is was estimated that the amount of these products could be used for social purposes.
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We apply Newton’s method to hyperbolic stochastic functional partial differential equations of the first order driven by a multidimensional Brownian motion. We prove a first-order convergence and a second-order convergence in a probabilistic sense.
The article presents the complex issue of threats faced by NATO. Changes in the international security environment result in many dangers NATO cannot ignore, including conventional threats. In the globalized world, non-state organizations and structures pose a potential threat to transportation, energy supply networks and critical infrastructure. In this situation, one should not exclude the potential threat of conventional armed conflict. NATO continues to see growth in the proliferation of weapons and their means of delivery as asource of threat. Terrorism and cyberattacks pose the specific type of modern asymmetric threats to NATO. The development of new technologies and the use of space for military purposes is also very important for the security of NATO. Multi-faceted issue of threat is presented from the perspective of a number of examples illustrating the complexity of the problem.
The present study consisted of two experiments. The goal of the first experiment was to establish the just noticeable differences for the fundamental frequency of the vowel /u/ by using the 2AFC method. We obtained the threshold value for 27 cents. This value is larger than the motor reaction values which had been observed in previous experiments (e.g. 9 or 19 cents). The second experiment was intended to provide neurophysiological confirmation of the detection of shifts in a frequency, using event-related potentials (ERPs). We concentrated on the mismatch negativity (MMN) - the component elicited by the change in the pattern of stimuli. Its occurrence is correlated with the discrimination threshold. In our study, MMN was observed for changes greater than 27 cents - shifts of ±50 and 100 cents (effect size - Cohen’s d = 2.259). MMN did not appear for changes of ±10 and 20 cents. The results showed that the values for which motor responses can be observed are indeed lower than those for perceptual thresholds.
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Disinformation in any organization’s management is a process influencing the decision-making effectiveness. It plays a special role in military organizations. The article shows how disinformation affects contemporary military operations. The process of disinformation and its role in information warfare are characterized. Practical examples of the oldest ways of camouflage are mentioned stressing their relevance to contemporary military operations. Practical solutions used in disinformation process are demonstrated on examples of past military conflicts (Iraq and Afghanistan including).
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Changes taking place in the structure of security environment do not cause the lowering of security level, as intended by politicians. Significantly, modem non-military threats will generate new armed conflicts. The article shows the evolution of non-military threats which decided on security level on a regional scale at the end of the century. Presenting characteristic features of threats is supported by several facts relating to contemporary social, political and economic phenomena. Moreover, technological threats perceived as one of the most crucial factors shaping the security level are also important for the security process. The facts gained and conclusions drawn show in fact that in spite of efforts, the international community has no instruments to respond effectively to non-military threats.
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This article shows general point of view using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in land forces operations. The main idea is to present ability of UAV in military operation, especially in the urban area and in the close operation. Article presents a new direction in development of UAV. Many examples of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is given to underline role of UAV in the modern war.
PL
Przedmiot artykułu stanowią wyniki badań porównawczych uzyskanych w efekcie rozwiązania problemu zdefiniowanego w postaci pytania – jakie są współczesne kierunki zmian w procesie automatyzacji procesów informacyjnych w bezzałogowym systemie rozpoznania wojsk lądowych? Dla rozwiązania problemu głównego zdefiniowano zagadnienia szczegółowe obejmujące wykorzystanie bezzałogowych aparatów rozpoznawczych do rozpoznania operacjach wojsk lądowych, w tym szczególnie w działaniach bezpośrednich oraz w terenie zurbanizowanym. Ponadto zaprezentowano efekty poznawcze dotyczące stanu automatyzacji polskich bezzałogowych aparatów latających (narodowe doświadczenia i rozwiązania). W podsumowaniu przedstawiono nowe kierunki automatyzacji procesów informacyjnych w rozpoznaniu bezzałogowym. W treści artykułu zaprezentowano wiele przykładów i rozwiązań wykorzystywanych w misjach w Iraku oraz w Afganistanie.
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The article features complex conditions of civilian and military aspects in information warfare. A struggle for information in contemporary organizations plays a crucial role in the process of their functioning. In theory, due to the Internet, an almost unlimited access to huge information sets in the whole world has been created. A struggle to gain financial, industrial, technological or military information has become one of the most essential elements of information society. The intensity of actions to acquire information grows with the number of tasks carried out by both private and state companies. This phenomenon translates into the development of industrial intelligence as an institution which bases on information acquisition and processing. The importance of industrial intelligence in a company management grows steadily. Managers in numerous companies appreciate the significance of information in the decision making process, the complexity and dynamics in the company environment; they look for systems solutions what would enable them gaining as much information as possible.
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Wzrost poziomu edukacji obywatelskiej powoduje większą świadomość społeczną. Armia jako nieodłączny element państwowości pozostaje w silnym związku ze zmianami społecznymi. Do armii trafiają ludzie, których wykształcenie ogólne stanowi wartość dodaną do zdolności operacyjnych sił zbrojnych. Znajomość technologii informacyjnych, wyższa kultura techniczna kandydatów na żołnierzy zawodowych sprawiają że armia staje się organizacją bazującą na wiedzy. Powszechne zastosowanie zautomatyzowanych systemów dowodzenia wojskami wymaga pozyskiwania personelu o wysokich kwalifikacjach zawodowych. Stały rozwój zawodowy zapewnia utrzymanie wysokiego poziomu wiedzy oraz profesjonalnego przygotowania do zadań realizowanych w operacjach poza granicami kraju, a także w sytuacjach reagowania kryzysowego na obszarze kraju. Dzięki mediom społeczeństwo coraz częściej jest informowane o sposobie prowadzenia wojny i skutkach konfliktów zbrojnych. Pozyskana wiedza pozwala opinii publicznej na ocenę użycia sił zbrojnych, szczególnie w operacjach poza granicami kraju. Działania militarne dzięki wiedzy dowódców coraz częściej mają charakter misji zadaniowej niż regularnej operacji wojskowej, prowadzonej w celu zajęcia i utrzymania określonego obszaru. W tych nowych uwarunkowaniach inaczej niż dotychczas funkcjonują siły zbrojne jako organizacja - dysponująca dostępem do nieograniczonych zasobów informacyjnych. We współczesnej armii wiedza jest środkiem uzyskania przewagi nad przeciwnikiem.
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Higher level of civil education results in increased level of social awareness. The military as an inseparable element of nationhood maintains strong ties with social changes. General education of the people who join the military makes a value added to operational capabilities of armed forces. Expertise in information technologies and higher technical culture of candidates for professional soldiers make the military an organization based on knowledge. Common application of command and control, information systems (C2IS) requires obtaining highly qualified personnel. Constant vocational development secures sustaining high level of knowledge and professional preparation for missions carried out during operations conducted abroad and crisis response situations occurring at home. Thanks to media, society is more frequently informed about the way a war is waged and about the effects of armed conflicts. Obtained knowledge lets public opinion assess the application of armed forces, especially in operations conducted abroad. Military activities, thanks to expertise of commanders, more and more often become task-oriented missions than regular military operations carried out in order to seize and control an area. Considering these new conditions, armed forces function in a different way than they have functioned so far. They function as an organization that has access to unlimited information resources. In the contemporary military, knowledge is a means of gaining advantage over enemy.
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Restructuring and reorganization are the notions which National Defence Univiersity experienced in practice due to the transformation of basic organizational units of the university. This article describes the changes having taken place in the way of functioning of the new Management and Command Faculty. The article shows legal basis that make the foundation of new organizational solutions. Moreover, the main premises of changes in education are presented and the educational process is characterized. Through the Faculty’s structure, the tasks and areas of scientific, research and didactic responsibilities are outlined. As far as officers' education is concerned, the main disadvantage of new organizational solutions is reducing to minimum the didactic lessons teaching tactical and operational preparation during extramural studies at the second cycle of university education (Master’s course). However, the offers of postgraduate courses addressed to senior officers have been extended. The curricula (programmes) for civilian courses of study have met new challenges taking into consideration didactic standards. Also, the offer of post-diploma courses and tertiary education courses is very attractive.
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The automation of information processing causes that reconnaissance elements make up subsystems of information-coupled reconnaissance measures. New technologies generate new sources of information, which in turn allow acquiring data so far inaccessible. Situation imagery and taking advantage of reconnaissance knowledge are not a simple matter in spite of technical development because the excess and complexity of information generate big problems with data interpretation. In military experts' opinion, the number of data processing means is insufficient in order to meet demands, due to the degree of data complexity. Therefore, in order to ensure the effective application of reconnaissance system, it must be organized in a “mega system” and must be integrated with global systems of (fire, electronic, psychological) operations. It will enable the control of information resources through all joint (combined) operation’s components. The article shows technical and operational assumptions of reconnaissance system within Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR). Basing on lessons learned in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, a thesis may be drawn that the borders or differences between various kinds of operations are more and more obliterating. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems may be probably used in all future missions in which armed forces participate. Thus, in peacetime and in time of growing crisis situation, the ISR systems will be engaged in data acquisition. System developments in this area are taken over by the US Armed Forces, which in network centric warfare (NCW) experts’ opinion are the world leaders in the area of implementing and exploiting ISR systems and NCW concepts.
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Conditions of reconnaissance information management on the corps level were presented basing on the “Capable Warrior ” exercise. The exercise under discussion concerned the problems of planning and conducting operations on the multinational corps level in crisis response conditions with going to operations within high intensity armed conflict and conducting stabilization operation after the end of the conflict. In reconnaissance every activity requires information support, the quality of which often decides on the effectiveness of decision making as reconnaissance activities base on information that creates the staff and commander’s knowledge. In case of international corps, reconnaissance information management is conditioned by several organizational factors. They result from the command system structure, personnel and also particular users’ information needs. The advantages and disadvantages of solutions applied during the exercise concerning information resources management of an integrated reconnaissance team were shown in the article. New aspects of threat assessment and forecasting in the rear areas, information exchange for the deep operations planning needs and the necessity to use personnel reconnaissance were presented.
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The article presents technological conditions of changes in conducting future land operations in the American armed forces. After the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Europeans started to use fully the new peace. In the military aspect it meant armed forces reductions and limiting of the defence expenditures. Contrary to Europe, America followed a completely different route and continued the technological modification process of the armed forces. The disproportion in defence programmes funding lead to a technological gap between the United States forces and European armies. The new land operation concept of the US armed forces, apart from the technological advantage, assumes also a technological one. In the new war concept soldiers will be supported in attack by robots. Some new models of warrior robots have already been tested in Afghanistan. The Americans plan that in future, unmanned land vehicles will be able to deliver more reconnaissance information than current unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehicles commonly used in military operations nowadays. It is predicted that in the second decade of the 21st century a standard Future Combat System brigade will be ready to perform its tasks and it could be transported in C- 130 aircraft to any place in the world within 4 days in order to be deployed in a land intervention operation.
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Both in armed fighting conditions and in peace operations, the information stream is used by simple and complex organisations (reconnaissance structures). Depending on the purpose, amount of processed data and distribution of new information contents, the importance of selected organisation components varies, furthermore their number and location in operation space is different. Reconnaissance organisations function with a different purpose and structure in the whole area of activities. The article presents basic information stream components. Appropriate functioning of command and control system and destruction handling depends on information supply, therefore, according to the author it seems necessary to distri bute the information stream due to selective users’ needs. Functioning of tactical reconnaissance system depends on the quantity and quality of information. Approaching modernisation of the army, reconnaissance system including involves rapid changes in the structure and equipment of reconnaissance units in the nearest future. Undoubtedly, the efficiency of taking advantage of gained information depends on automation of several information processes. However, the decreasing number of exercises co-ordinating reconnaissance systems leads to the loss of efficiency in mutual co-operation between the destruction and reconnaissance systems to recognise a situation on the battlefield. In consequence such a situation will make the exchange procedures of acquired information disappear.
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