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Investigation of Infrared Thermography of Cortical Bone Grinding in Neurosurgery

Babbar Atul, Jain Vivek, Gupta Dheeraj, Goyal Kapil Kumar, Prakash Chander, Saxena Kuldeep Kumar, Kumar Sandeep, Bartoszuk Marian

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

2023

Vol. 17, no 1

116--123

In this work, an effort has been made to determine the effect of different shape surgical burr on the thermogenesis during bone osteotomy. The abrasion during bone grinding leads to heat generation and subsequently rise in the temperature which may have adverse effects such as osteonecrosis, blood coagulation in the carotid artery, damage to sciatic nerves, and even loss of vision. So, mitigating the temperature rise during bone grinding is of paramount importance. Especially, in endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) in which nasal passage is used for the inserting the grinding burr and reaching the target region. The miniature abrasion can significantly increase the temperature and hence leads to the thermal damage to nerves surrounding the temporal and frontal lobe. These parts of the brain controls movement, problem solving ability, behavior, personality mood, hearing, language, memory, speech, breathing, heart rate, consciousness etc. Furthermore, neurosurgeons rely on their personal surgical experience for estimating the temperature rise during grinding. However, this is much difficult for novice surgeons. Therefore, it becomes critically important to preserve the soft neural tissues and nerves amid bone grinding. To overcome these concerns, infrared thermography technique has been exploited to determine the possibility of thermogenesis during bone grinding by measuring the temperature rise and its distribution using infrared camera. All experiments have been carried at a constant set of process variables. The grinding zone is continuously flooded with the irrigating solution to remove the heat and bone debris away from the grinding site. It has been observed that convex tool shape generated lower maximum temperature i.e. 46.03 ℃ among all tools. The temperature produced by the convex tool is 12.06% lower than spherical tool, 33.39% lower than cylindrical tool, and 10.55% lower than tree-shape tool. The results showed that convex shape tool could prevent thermal necrosis in the bone as temperature caused (i.e. 46 ℃) was less than the threshold limit of osteonecrosis. Thermograms revealed that infrared thermography technique could be implemented for the in-vivo surgical operations for the measurement of temperature during bone grinding.

Synthesis of functionalized HAp-surface on β-Ti alloy using ball-burnishing assisted EDC process for biomedical application

Prakash Chander, Kotecha Ketan, Pramanik Alokesh, Basak Animesh, Shankar S.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

2022

Vol. 22, no. 4

art. no. e192, 2022

The current research develops functionalized biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HAp)-rich surface on TNTZ alloy using a novel ball-burnishing assisted electric discharge cladding (BB-EDC) has been presented. The biomechanical properties of HAp-layer, such as mechanical properties, fatigue performance, in-vitro corrosion resistance, and bioactivity, have been investigated. The results showed that EDC-modified surfaces comprised discharge craters, globules, splats structures, and high ridges of redeposited metal. However, the BB-EDC process produced a relatively flat, smooth, dense surface with an average roughness value of 0.75 µm. The HAp-cladded layer by EDC and BB-EDC process featured an irregular surface range 25–30 µm thick and compact layer ranging 5–7 µm thick, respectively. The ball burnishing subjected caused plastic deformation on the developed layer that produced fine microstructure that increased surface hardness from 2.8 to 8.7 GPa. The functional HAp-cladded layer obtained by BB-EDC exhibit excellent corrosion properties. The dense and compact layer comprised a deformed microstructure with high residual stresses that offered high resistance to crack imitation propagation, thus resulting in better fatigue performance of β-phase TNTZ alloy. Furthermore, in-vitro bioactivity results showed that BB-EDC modified exhibit anti-inflammatory surface and promoted cell growth. The findings of the current research work offer up new possibilities for biomedical, automobile and aerospace industries to utilize the potential of BB-EDC as a new surface engineering technology to develop functionalized surfaces with improved surface characteristics and mechanical properties.