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Methods for acquiring data on terrain geomorphology, course geometry and kinematics of competitors’ runs in alpine skiing : a historical review

Erdmann W. S., Giovanis V., Aschenbrenner P., Kiriakis V., Suchanowski A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2017

Vol. 19, no. 1

69--79

Purpose: This paper aims at the description and comparison of methods of topographic analysis of racing courses at all disciplines of alpine skiing sports for the purposes of obtaining: terrain geomorphology (snowless and with snow), course geometry, and competitors’ runs. Methods: The review presents specific methods and instruments according to the order of their historical appearance as follows: (1) azimuth method with the use of a compass, tape and goniometer instruments; (2) optical method with geodetic theodolite, laser and photocells; (3) triangulation method with the aid of a tape and goniometer; (4) image method with the use of video cameras; (5) differential global positioning system and carrier phase global positioning system methods. Results: Described methods were used at homologation procedure, at training sessions, during competitions of local level and during International Ski Federation World Championships or World Cups. Some methods were used together. Conclusions: In order to provide detailed data on course setting and skiers’ running it is recommended to analyse course geometry and kinematics data of competitors’ running for all important competitions.

Geometry and inertia of the human body - review of research

Erdmann W.S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

1999

Vol. 1, nr 1

23-35

The paper is devoted to such morphological quantities of the human body as (1) geometric, i.e., linear, planar, and spatial;(2) inertial, especially - mass, density, radius of center of mass, moment of inertia and its radius. Description of quantities was given, material used (live subjects, cadavers, models), and methods utilized: mechanical and electromechanical, optical, geometric (for inertia quantities), penetrating, calculation, modelling. The most important results were given, especially for inertial quantities.