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1

The influence of liquid viscosity on atomized fuel mean droplet size determined by the laser diffraction method

Krause P., Labuda R.

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1

435--441

EN

The article presents the impact of viscosity of fuel on its atomization, which constitutes an important element of controlling the quality of the fuel-air mixture in compression ignition and direct injection engines. An experiment has been made using a three-hole atomizer of an engine with nominal power of 110 kW and revolutions n = 2800 min-1. Fuel was delivered by a PRW-2M injection pump intended for testing injectors. Fuel was sprayed in the atmospheric air. Three petroleum product liquids used for the experiment had a viscosity of, respectively, 3.93, 16.73 and 36.41 mm2/s. The fuel droplet size in a spray was determined by the laser diffraction method by means of a Spraytec STP 5929 analyzer. The quantity adopted for comparative purposes was the Sauter Mean Diameter D32. The results confirmed that a change of fuel viscosity within the range recommended by ship engine manufacturers has a strong impact on the size of sprayed fuel droplets. Shipowners have a limited choice of low sulphur fuel grade (up to 0.1% S), which forces the engine room personnel to use currently available fuels. Depending on the supplier, marine fuels may vary in viscosity and, according to the recommendations of engine manufacturers, they do not require heating. The increase in the size of the droplets injected into the fuel combustion chamber may affect the quality of the fuel-air mixture, increase of fuel consumption and a greater content of harmful exhaust constituents.

2

Proposal of the combined exhaust gas heat exchanger and the silencer

Brezáni M., Baran P., Labuda R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2015

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z. 3/103

15--28

EN

The article discusses about the design of a combined exhaust gas heat exchanger with silencer. The first stage deals with the calculation of the exhaust gas heat exchanger according to the required parameters. The next step addresses the structural design of the exhaust gas heat exchanger according to the parameters of the calculation. Subsequently creation a 3D model, which will be used for the simulation of flow of the working substance in the heat exchanger and heat transfer simulation of the media. The simulations are solved in a 3D simulation program COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. Further solves the structural design of silencer, which will form a part of the exhaust gas heat exchanger. Subsequently execution of the measurements on the real model of the combined exhaust gas heat exchanger to verify the accuracy of calculations, simulations and structural designs.

PL

W artykule omówiono projekt zintegrowanego wymiennika ciepła spalin wraz z tłumikiem. Pierwszy etap dotyczył obliczania wymiennika ciepła spalin w zależności od wymaganych parametrów. Następnym krokiem było stworzenie projektu 28 konstrukcyjnego wymiennika ciepła spalin według parametrów z obliczeń. Następnie stworzono model 3D, który był wykorzystany do symulacji przepływu substancji roboczej w wymienniku ciepła oraz do symulacji transferu ciepła mediów. Symulacje są wykonywane w programie do symulacji 3D - COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. Dalej wykonano projekt konstrukcyjny tłumika, tworzący całość z wymiennikiem ciepła spalin. Następnie wykonano pomiarów na rzeczywistym obiekcie zintegrowanego wymiennika ciepła spalin z tłumikiem, w celu sprawdzenia poprawności obliczeń, symulacji i projektu konstrukcyjnego.

3

Using of waste heat in road vehicles with internal combustion engines

Brezani M., Baran P., Labuda R.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

2564--2570, CD2

EN

The article discusses the use of heat exchangers for internal combustion engines of road vehicles. The paper is dedicated to the problem of unused thermal energy in internal combustion engines. It analyses possibilities of accumulation of heat energy and its possible use in various fields. Comparing the cost of operating a vehicle with an internal combustion engine of conventional design and construction comprising a heat exchanger and accumulator of energy. And also with decreasing of the emission and a positive impact on the environment with the use of technology in road vehicles with combustion engines. The paper deals with the classification of heat exchangers and subsequent description of the design type heat exchangers used in the field.

4

Proposal of the combined exhaust gas heat exchanger and the muffler

Brezáni M., Baran P., Labuda R.

Diagnostyka

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2015

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Vol. 16, No. 3

73--78

EN

The article discusses about the design of a combined exhaust gas heat exchanger with muffler. The first stage deals with the calculation of the exhaust gas heat exchanger according to the required parameters. The next step addresses the structural design of the exhaust gas heat exchanger according to the parameters of the calculation. Subsequently creation a 3D model, which will be used for the simulation of flow of the working substance in the heat exchanger and heat transfer simulation of the media. The simulations are solved in a 3D simulation program COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. Further solves the structural design of muffler, which will form a part of the exhaust gas heat exchanger. Subsequently execution of the measurements on the real model of the combined exhaust gas heat exchanger to verify the accuracy of calculations, simulations and structural designs.

PL

W artykule omówiono projekt zintegrowanego wymiennika ciepła spalin wraz z tłumikiem. Pierwszy etap dotyczył obliczania wymiennika ciepła spalin w zależności od wymaganych parametrów. Następnym krokiem było stworzenie projektu konstrukcyjnego wymiennika ciepła spalin według parametrów z obliczeń. Następnie stworzono model 3D, który był wykorzystany do symulacji przepływu substancji roboczej w wymienniku ciepła oraz do symulacji transferu ciepła mediów. Symulacje są wykonywane w programie do symulacji 3D - COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. Dalej wykonano projekt konstrukcyjny tłumika, tworzący całość z wymiennikiem ciepła spalin. Następnie wykonano pomiarów na rzeczywistym obiekcie zintegrowanego wymiennika ciepła spalin z tłumikiem, w celu sprawdzenia poprawności obliczeń, symulacji i projektu konstrukcyjnego.

5

The influence of intensity of charge air intercooling on diesel engine gas

Hlavńa V., Kovalčik A., Krakovsky J., Labuda R.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 2

177-184

EN

The intercooling of charge air is one way of possible arrangements done while preparing fuel for diesel engines with the objective of lowering the environmental load. Such intercooling has other positive effects, e.g. the output increase, decrease in the maximal temperature of engine working cycle, decrease in thermal load of functional parts in the combustion space. Coolers of different constructions and versions are used for the charge air intercooling. As we have already presented in conferences and professional journals, we have been engaged in basic research into the non-conventional energetic system with the cooling combustion engine (the engine cooling circle is the ejector of absorption cooling). The obtained cold can be used for different purposes, e.g. for air conditioning of the maintenance room, cooling of goods storage space in trucks and also for more intensive intercooling of the charge air. Simultaneously with the mentioned topics we have been partially dealing with the influence of more intensive intercooling on the engine ecological parameters. We have presented some results of mathematical modelling connected with the mentioned topic. The paper is a continuation of previous publications and focuses on results of the experiment observing a two-stage charge air intercooling to lower temperatures. The air-to-air cooler was used as the first intercooling stage while the second stage was performed by means of the water-air intercooler.

6

Endogenous Contamination of Wheat by Species of Genera Aspergillus and Penicillium

Tančinová D., Felšociová S., Dovičová M., Mašková Z., Labuda R., Javoreková S.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 1

135-142

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse the endogenous mycobiota of superficially sterilised wheat grains with the focus on Aspergillus (including two teleomorphs) and Penicillium genera. The Slovak wheat samples (Triticum aestivum L.) were harvested in the season 2006. The total of 6 wheat samples grown under conditions of the conventional and 12 of the ecological farming system were inyestigated for the presence of mtcroscopical fungi. A total of 17 genera were recovered as members of the endogenous mycobiota on Di-chloran Rosę Bengal Chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) and Dichloran Yeast Extract 18 % Glycerol agar (DYSG). On DRBC were detected Aspergillus and Penicillium species only from the ecological agriculture, namely A. candidus, A. flavus, A. niger, Emericella nidulans, Eurotium amslelodami, E. chevalieri, Eurotium sp., Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. corylophilum, P. crustosum, P. griseofulwm, P. viridi-catum and Penicillium sp. On DYSG were detected Eurotium species (E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens, E. rubrum) and Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. hordei) both from ecological and conventional agriculture. From the ecological wheat was isolated a wider spectrum of fungi on DYSG in comparison with the conventional agriculture, namely A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. sydowii, Emericella nidulans, E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens, E. rubrum, Eurotium sp. P. aurantiogriseum, P. crustosum, P. solitum and Penicillium sp. The isolates of potentially toxigenic species of Aspergillus, Emericella and Penicillium were tested for their ability to produce particular toxic metabolites, ie mycotoxins in Mitro by means of a thin layer chromatography (TLC). Ali the tested isolates were obtained from the samples of ecological agriculture. Out of 18 screened isolates 11 produced at least one mycotoxin and a production was vague in 2 isolates. One iso-late (out of one) produced sterigmatocystin, 6 (out of 11) cyclopiazonic acid (production was vague in 2 isolates), and patulin 3 (out of 3). Conversely, none of potentially aflatoxinogenic isolates (Aspergillus flavus) tested in this study produced aflatoxins. Two isolates were tested for the production of ochratoxin A, Aspergillus niger did not produce ochratoxin A and in A. ochraceus production was unclear.

PL

Celem badań było rozpoznanie endogennych grzybów ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rodzajów Aspergillus i Penicillium na ziarnach pszenicy poddanych powierzchownej sterylizacji. Próbki pszenicy (Triticum aestimm L.) pochodziły ze zbiorów z 2006 r. ze Słowacji. Sześć próbek pszenicy pochodziło z upraw konwencjonalnej, a dwanaście próbek z upraw ekologicznych. Rozpoznano 17 rodzajów endogennych grzybów wyhodowanych na DRBC (Dichloran Rosę Bengal Chloramphenicol agar) i DYSG (Dichloran Yeast Extract 18 % Glycerol agar). Gatunki z Aspergillus i Penicillium, tj.: A. candidus, A. Jlavus, A. niger, Emericella nidulans, Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri, Eurotium sp., Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. corylophilum, P. crustosum, P. griseofulvum, P. viridicatum i Penicillium sp. wykryte na DRBC pochodziły wyłącznie z upraw ekologicznych. Na DYSG stwierdzono gatunki z rodzaju Eurotium (E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens, E. rubrum) oraz z rodzaju Penicillium (P. griseofulvum, P. hordei). Znajdowały się one na ziarnach z obu typów badanych upraw. Więcej gatunków grzybów wyizolowano DYSG z ziarna pochodzącego z upraw ekologicznych niż z ziarna pochodzącego z upraw konwencjonalnych. Były to: A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. sydowii, Emericella nidulans, E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens, E, rubrum, Eurotium sp. P. aurantiogriseum, P. crustosum, P. solilum i Penicillium sp. Wyizolowane gatunki z rodzajów Aspergillus, Emericella i Penicillium zbadano in vitro pod kątem produkcji toksycznych metabolitów, tj. mykotoksyn metodą chromatografii cienkowarstwowej (TLC). Wszystkie badane próbki pochodziły z upraw ekologicznych. Spośród 18 próbek wyizolowanych grzybów w 11 stwierdzono obecność przynajmniej jednej mykotoksyny. W 2 próbkach wyizolowanych grzybów obecność mykotoksyny była wątpliwa, w jednej stwierdzono obecność sterigmatocystyny, w 6 (spośród 11) odnotowano obecność kwasu cyklopiazonowego (obecność w dwóch próbkach była wątpliwa), a w 3 próbkach obecna była patulina. W żadnej z wyizolowanych próbek grzybów nie stwierdzono obecności aflatoksyn. Dwie próbki wyizolowanych grzybów zostały poddane testom na obecność ochratoksyny A. Aspergillus niger nie produkował ochratoksyny A, natomiast w próbkach A. ochraceus obecność ochratoksyny A była wątpliwa.

7

Vehicle braking parameters influencing factors

Labuda R., Toporcer E., Hlavńa V.

Journal of KONES

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2009

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Vol. 16, No. 4

257-264

EN

In automotive technology attributes of the "driver-vehicle-environment" system are described as "vehicle handling". The driver has control of the vehicle generally by means of directional guidance, acceleration and braking, on the other side different influences as are side wind, road irregularities, road profile, sudden obstructions etc.from the environment affect on the vehicle. The task of research and development in the field of vehicle control is to adjust the vehicle handling to the driving ability of an average driver so that the active safety of the vehicle and passengers maximizes. Some selected vehicle characteristics and relations which influence the vehicle dynamics in braking modes are analysed in the paper. In particular vehicle influencing forces at braking, slip curve of the wheel, velocity course at braking, simplified parameters course, measurement preparation, measurement from the initial velocity ni =90 km.h-1, maximum braking deceleration dependence on tire pressure and velocity ni 1 on dry surface, maximum braking deceleration dependency on tire pressure and velocity ni 1 on wet surface, maximum braking deceleration dependency on velocity ni 1 tire pressure on dry surface, Maximum braking deceleration dependency on velocity ni 1nd tire pressure on wet surface are presented in the paper.

8

A measurement system for an energetic circuit with a non-conventional combustion engine

Istenik R., Hlavňa V., Labuda R.

Journal of KONES

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2004

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Vol. 11, No. 1-2

240-244

EN

The basis of a non-conventional energetic circuit is a trivalent system in which the ignition combustion engine is a source of primary energy. The system produces electric and thermal energy at tliree thermal levels. The system is referred to as non-conventional because of the non-conventional cooling circuit of the combustion engine which has been designed as a thermo compressor for absorptive cooling circulation. The paper deals with an automated measuring system implemented in the above-mentioned non-conventional energetic circuit.