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The Influence of Soil Contamination with Diesel Oil on Germination Dynamics and Seedling Development of Selected Species of the Fabaceae family

Pawluśkiewicz Bogumiła, Gnatowski Tomasz, Janicka Maria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

210--218

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil on the early development of three species of the Fabaceae family (Medicago lupulina L., Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium repens L.). These species have a wide ecological range and they often occur on extensively used lawns. For these reasons, the knowledge on their tolerance to soil pollution with diesel oil can be of great importance in the creative and conservative cultivation of these plant species and their seed production for establishing the greenery of communication routes. The studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. The soil substrates were composed of the loamy sand mixed with diesel oil in an amount of 2.5 g and 5.0 g per 1 kg of absolute dry mass of soil. The germination dynamics were analyzed. The measurements were conducted twice a day for 12 days after sowing. The development of seedlings was determined on the basis of the length, diameter, area and volume of the radicle. These features were determined on 20-day-old seedlings of the tested species. For the analysis of plant material, the technique of the scanned image was used in the “WinRhizo PRO 2009” software. It was proven that the tested species have various tolerances for the petrol oil in the soil and demonstrate various defense mechanisms under the stress conditions. The least changes of the seed germination rate on the soil with diesel oil against the control were indicated for L. corniculatus. The defense strategy of that species relied on the radicle development through increasing the diameter and – in consequence – the surface and the volume. M. lupulina also showed good germination capacity in the presence of diesel oil, but the radicle was shorter in comparison to the control. The germination rate of T. repens in the contaminated soil was significantly reduced. The recommendation for using not only L. corniculatus, but also M. lupulina on the contaminated areas should be taken into consideration.

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The Increasing in the Floristic Diversity of the Abandoned Arrhenatherion Elatioris Meadows by Dicotyledonous Species Oversowing

Janicka Maria, Pawluśkiewicz Bogumiła

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

168--179

EN

The paper presents the research on the increasing in the floristic diversity of abandoned Arrhenatherion elatioris meadows through the introduction of three dicotyledonous species: Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota and Leucanthemum vulgare and the re-management. They were carried out in the meadows of the landscape reserve “The Ursynów Escarpment” (“Skarpa Ursynowska”) in 2016-2018. The studies were aimed at restoring natural values of these meadows, especially their landscape and aesthetic functions. The experiment was designed in the community of Arrhenatherum elatius + Bromus inermis, as a randomised complete block, with eight replications, on the plots of 2 m2. In each plot the diaspores (collected in The Lower Pilica Valley) were sown close to the centre of the plot, within an area of 0.5×0.5 m. In the sowing year two top-cuttings and one productive one were made. In the following years the meadows were mowed once or twice. The following features were estimated: the abundance of sown species populations, the seedling density, the heights of the sown species, the height of the resident vegetation, the total ground cover, the species composition of the sward and the species richness. The improvement of the landscape and aesthetic functions of the reserve due to increasing in the species richness from 10 to 38 species and significant decreasing in Urtica dioica share was achieved. The species diversity, described with the Shannon-Wiener index, enlarged of 53% in the first year after oversowing. The introduced species decided also about the improvement of the total ground cover. Fast and lasting effect was obtained especially on the area over-sown with L. vulgare. The good effects in the first two years were obtained also in the plots with D. carota (biennial species). A. millefolium was characterised by significantly fewer number of seedlings but its population abundance was increasing gradually during the following years. The impact of high grasses (A. elatius, B. inermis) on the soil coverage by the plants of sown species and their heights was shown. The studies also proved that in the conditions of summer drought the resident vegetation may protect the seedlings against the temperature and evapotranspiration.

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Diversity of Vascular Flora in Salix viminalis L. Crops Depending on the Harvest Cycle

Janicka Maria, Kutkowska Aneta, Paderewski Jakub

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 2

1175--1201

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the vascular flora of plantations of Salix viminalis L. which were established on permanent grassland in central Poland, and its multifaceted analysis. The dynamics of changes in the flora developed in older willow crops (over 5 years) on two types of plantations (harvested every 2 years, and unharvested) fell within the scope of the study. The study was carried out in the years 2011-2014 and in 2018, on three Salix viminalis L. plantations in two locations of the Łódź region. The plantations were established in the years 2004-2006, so in the first year of the study they were 5-7 years old. Plantations differed in the cycle of the willow harvest, one group was harvested every 2 years, and the other was not harvested throughout the entire research period. The vegetation accompanying willow energy crops was identified based on an analysis of 24 phytosociological relevés which were made using Braun-Blanquet method. For each species, the following parameters were determined: family, geographical and historical groups, apophyte origin, biological stability, life-form, and status as an invasive, endangered, near-endangered, or protected species. The CCA and PCA analysis were done and Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated. The species composition of the Salix viminalis L. plantations was related to the previous use of the land i.e. to meadow communities. In total, 62 vascular plant species were found in willow energy crops, which belonged to 22 botanical families. The most numerous families were: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae. In harvested plantations were found more species than in not harvested. The number of plant species in both types of plantations decreased over time but faster in the uncut plantation. In two types of plantations, native (apophyte) species, perennial species and hemicryptophytes dominated. The long period of willow cultivation and the lack of systematic harvesting created appropriate light conditions for development of woodland/shrub apophytes, rather than meadow apophytes, which increased their share in both types of plantations. The vast majority (about 70%) of species achieved only I or II degrees of phytosociological constancy. The analysis of changes in the share of phytosociological classes showed that in cut plantations, the share of species belonging to the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class decreased and the share of species belonging to the Stellarietea mediae class increased. While in the uncut plantation the share of ruderal species from the Artemisieta vulgaris class increased slowly and the share of meadow species of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class decreased. Shannon-Wiener diversity index in uncut plantation decreased with the age of Salix viminalis L. from 2.5 to 1.6. In cut plantations floristic diversity was a bit higher.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie składu gatunkowego roślin naczyniowych na plantacjach Salix viminalis L. założonych na trwałych użytkach zielonych w środkowej Polsce oraz szeroka jego analiza. Ponadto celem badań było poznanie dynamiki zmian flory starszych upraw wierzby (ponad 5 letnich) na dwóch rodzajach plantacji: ciętych co 2 lata i nieciętych. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2011-2014 i 2018 na trzech plantacjach Salix viminalis L. w dwóch miejscowościach województwa łódzkiego. Plantacje założone były w latach 2004-2006, a więc w pierwszym roku badań były to plantacje 5-7 letnie. Plantacje różniły się cyklem zbioru wierzby, tj. jedna grupa cięta była co 2 lata, a druga przez cały okres badań nie była cięta. Roślinność towarzyszącą uprawom wierzby energetycznej oceniono na podstawie analizy 24 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych wykonanych według metody Brauna-Blanqueta. Florę naczyniową scharakteryzowano pod względem: przynależności do rodziny botanicznej i grupy geograficzno-historycznej. W odniesieniu do apofitów podano ich pochodzenie, trwałość biologiczną oraz formę życiową. Ponadto określono status rośliny inwazyjnej, zagrożonej, bliskiej zagrożeniu i chronionej. Obliczono wskaźnik różnorodności biologicznej Shannona-Wienera oraz wykonano analizę PCA i CCA. Skład gatunkowy flory upraw Salix viminalis L. nawiązywał do wcześniejszego sposobu użytkowania terenu tj. do zbiorowisk łąkowych. Flora naczyniowa plantacji wierzby energetycznej liczyła 62 gatunki, które należały do 22 rodzin botanicznych. Najliczniej reprezentowanymi rodzinami były: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae i Lamiaceae. Plantacje cięte co 2 lata charakteryzowały się większym bogactwem gatunkowym w porównaniu do plantacji nie ciętej. Liczba gatunków na obu typach plantacji zmniejszała się wraz z wiekiem plantacji, lecz proces ten szybciej postępował w uprawie nie ciętej. Na obu typach plantacji dominowały apofity, gatunki wieloletnie oraz hemikryptofity. Długoletni okres uprawy wierzby oraz brak systematycznego jej cięcia stwarzał warunki do rozwoju apofitów leśno-zaroślowych, które zwiększyły swój udział kosztem apofitów łąkowych na obu typach plantacji. Zdecydowana większość (ok. 70%) gatunków osiągnęła niskie stopnie stałości fitosocjologicznej tj. I i II. Analiza przemian udziału klas botanicznych wykazała, że na plantacjach regularnie ciętych zmniejszył się udział gatunków klasy Molinio-Arrhenatheretea a zwiększył udział gatunków klasy Stellarietea mediae. Na plantacji nie ciętej następowało natomiast powolne zwiększanie się udziału gatunków ruderalnych klasy Artemisietea vulgaris a zmniejszanie udziału gatunków łąkowych z klasy Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Wartości wskaźnika Shannona-Wienera zmniejszyły się wraz z wiekiem uprawy; na plantacji nie ciętej z 2.5 do 1.6. Na plantacji ciętej wskaźniki różnorodności były nieco wyższe.

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The analysis of the traits determining the development of some plant species typical for the meadow habitats of the Natura 2000 network

Janicka Maria, Pawluśkiewicz Bogumiła, Małuszyńska Elżbieta

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2019

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Vol. 28, No. 1

82--94

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the traits in peculiar species which most influence their survivability during early growth and development. Eight representative plant species typical for four non-afforested habitats of river valleys were tested. The results showed that for the restoration of natural habitats, the following species are best suited: Allium angulosum (Cnidion dubii, 6440) due to its good seed germination capacity and fast growth rate of its seedlings; Galium boreale (Molinion, 6410) due to the fast growth rate of its seedlings; Tragopogon pratensis (Arrhenatherion elatioris, 6510) due to its large seeds, good seed germination capacity and fast growth rate of its seedlings; regarding to tested species of Festuco-Brometea (6210), the obtained results do not give a definite answer.