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1
Content available remote Non-equilibrium flows in machine construction and exploitation
EN
The paper presents capabilities of contemporary thermodynamics in the area of flow modelling with thermodynamical non-equilibrium. A philosophy for the development of constitutive equations has been shown, which is based on Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (EIT). Two examples of its application to flows with thermal non-equilibrium have been presented.
PL
Praca prezentuje elementy współczesnej termodynamiki procesów nieodwracalnych, które decydują o tym, że może ona być stosowana w szerszym zakresie niż klasyczna termodynamika procesów nieodwracalnych, CIT. Dotyczy to przypadków, kiedy nie można założyć, że istnieje tzw. lokalna równowaga termodynamiczna odnosząca się do punktu materialnego. W takim przypadku proponuje się stosowanie rozszerzonej termodynamiki procesów nieodwracalnych, EIT. W pracy pokazano metodę tworzenia równań konstytutywnych w oparciu o EIT i omówiono zalety tych równań w stosunku do równań otrzymanych na podstawie CIT.
3
Content available remote Wave character of onset of boiling in an annular clearance
EN
The paper describes results of experimental investigations of the developmentof bubbly boiling in a vertical annular clearance. The process of boiling is driven by increasing the heat flux density at the heated wall. It is found that the phenomenon is of a wave character, and the relative propagation velocity of the boiling front is proportional to the heat flux density. An experiment-based correlation to describe the boiling process is also elaborated.
4
Content available remote Extended irreversible thermodynamics applied to two-phase systems
EN
The paper presents the method of derivation of constitutive equations based on the Classical and Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics. The method is explained for a single phase medium and then is applied to a two-phase one-component of a liquid and its vapour. The two-phase system is described by the simplest homogeneous model (HTPM). In this model it is assumed that the velocities of both phases are equal, the two phases coexist at any point of the system, and that the transport of the phases due to diffusion is negligibly small. It is shown that the Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics applied to the two-phase system provides an interesting equation for the evolution of the non-equilibrium dryness fraction x, comprising its second partial derivaties with respect to time and space. This equation is derived for HTPM for the first time.
EN
Applying irreversible thermodynamics, it is possible to model a rapid depressurisation of liquids. The pressure measured during the process is much lower than the thermodynamic pressure and the liquid may remain in a metastable state.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń przepływu dwufazowego opisanego modelem relaksacyjnym z dwoma ciśnieniami, dla trzech różnych równań domknięcia.
EN
This paper investigates the influence of inertial processes on the of small disturbances and the properties of the critical flow of continuos media. The intertial processes may stem from heat and mass exchange on the component two-phase flow. Since almost all the models of a flow medium take the form of hyperbolic, quasi-linear systems of partial-differential equations, the mathematical background of the critical flow and the propagation of linear disturbances, for this type of equations, is presented. The problem of discontinuous solutions and its possible influence on the critical flow has been discussed Finally, some important differences concerning linear waves in dispersive and non-dispersive systems are discussed.
EN
In the paper we study a four-parameter model of a turbulence induced flow of the fluid undergoing a phase transition. The model draws on an approach of nonequili-brium thermodynamics.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych kondensacji w fali uderzeniowej powstającej w nadkrytycznym przepływie mieszaniny wody i pary. W zjawisku tym istotne znaczenie ma nierównowaga termiczna między fazami. Dlatego do opisu przepływu dwufazowego z falą uderzeniową zaproponowano nierównowagowy model jednorodny. W modelu tym nierównowaga termiczna opisana jest równaniem relaksacyjnym dla ewolucji temperatury cieczy. W oparciu o własne pomiary ciśnienia i stopnia zapełnienia w obszarze fali uderzeniowej wyznaczono czas relaksacji, będący parametrem tego równania. Różnica temperatur między fazą ciekłą i parową jest również źródłem dyssypacji energii. W związku z tym, do omawianego modelu relaksacyjnego wprowadzono człony, które uwzględniają dyssypację wskutek przewodnictwa cieplnego ośrodka dwufazowego. Ich wielkość określono przez porównanie dyssypacji w modelu ośrodka jednorodnego i w rzeczywistym przepływie o strukturze pęcherzykowej.
EN
The paper presents results of experimental and theoretical investigation of the shock wave in supercritical flow of water-vapour mixture. In this flow, thermodynamic nonequilibrium plays important role. Therefore, homogeneous relaxation model was proposed to describe the two-phase flow with shock wave. In this model, thermodynamic nonequilibrium is describe by relaxation equation for evolution of liquid temperature. Relaxation time, which is a parameter in the relaxation equation, was evaluated with the help of own measurements of pressure and void fraction in the region of shock wave. The temperature difference between liquid and vapour phase is also a source of energy dissipation. For this reason, the relaxation model was supplemented with terms that describe dissipation due to viscosity and thermal conductivity of the two-phase medium. Their values are evaluated from the condition of entropy production in the model of continuous two-phase medium and in the bubbly flow.
11
Content available remote The speed of sound in the homogeneous vapour-liquid mixture
EN
This paper investigates the influence of non-equilibrium phase transition in the vapour-liquid mixture on the properties of sound waves. A dispersion relation for small disturbances has been found and analysed. The investigation of evolution of a linear wave in the vapour-liquid mixture creates the background for conclusions concerning a speed of sound in dispersive media.
12
Content available remote The pseudo-critical vapour-liquid flow
EN
This paper investigates the influence of non-equilibrium evaporation on the properties of the critical flow of vapour-liquid mixture. As the non-equilibrium vapour generation is assumed to be dominant in a vapour-liquid flow, the Homogeneous Relaxation Model (HRM), with non-equilibrium mass transition, is selected and reduced to the equation for the linear pressure waves. Basing on this equation, the evolution of linear pressure wave in the non-equilibrium, two-phase mixture has been calculated. The conclusions coming from this calculations created a background for the concept of the pseudo-critical flow. A short description of the pseudo-critical flow regime is given and the main difference between the critical flow of equilibrium and non-equilibrium fluid are discussed. Finally, the remarks concerning a kind of relativity of the critical flow for non-equilibrium fluids are given.
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