Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

Ograniczanie wyników

2 Silniki Spalinowe

Znaleziono wyników: 2

Liczba wyników na stronie

Wyniki wyszukiwania

Sortuj według:

Ogranicz wyniki do:

Reduction of particle emissions and toxicity of 2-S scooters with different technical measures

Czerwinski J., Comte P., Astorga C., Adam T., Mayer A., Reutimann F, Zürcher D.

Silniki Spalinowe

2009

R. 48, SC2

55--69

2- and 3-wheelers with 2-S propulsion are still a very serious source of air pollution worldwide in many urban areas. Therefore, every effort to reduce the emissions of those vehicles is an important contribution to improve the air quality. In the present work detailed investigations of regulated emissions and of particle emissions of 2-stroke scooters with direct injection and with carburator were performed. To demonstrate the emission reduction potentials some possibilities of emission improvements were grouped into steps. These technical measures were: - Higher tier lube oils - Lower oil dosing - Active oxidation catalyst - Supplementary filtration & oxidation devise (WFC) - Special fuel. Particle mass and nanoparticles (number), which are amply present in 2-stroke exhaust gas and which contribute strongly to the toxicity level are still unlimited by the international exhaust gas legislation. They were extensively investigated in the present project series. The Toxicity Equivalence (TEQ) of the emitted particle mass was evaluated by means of PAH analysis and comparison with the standards based on benzo[a]pyrene (EPA method). It was demonstrated, that a strong reduction of particle mass emissions and toxicity is possible by means of a combination of these technical measures. There are also further possibilities of improvements, like total filtration or use of alternative fuels. All those technical measures can be effective in the fleet only if the necessary market conditions will be created, like: incentives for better products, production conformity control, in-use compliance control, public information and others.

EC/OC analysis of particles from 2-S scooters and potentials of improved aftertreatment

Czerwinski J., Comte P., Astorga C., Rey M., Reutimann F., Mayer A.

Silniki Spalinowe

2007

R. 46, nr SC3

165-179

Limited and non-regulated emissions of scooters were analyzed during several annual research programs of the Swiss Federal Office of Environment (RAFU). Small scooters, which are very much used in the congested centers of several cities, are a remarkable source of air pollution. Therefore every effort to reduce the emissions is an important contribution to improve the air quality in urban centers. In the present work detailed investigations of particle emissions of different 2-stroke scooters with direct injection and with carburettor were performed. The nanoparticulate emissions were measured by means of SMPS, (CPC) and NanoMet. Also the particle mass emission (PM) was measured with the same method as for Diesel engines. Extensive analyses of PM-residuum for SOF/INSOF, PAH and toxicity equivalence (TEQ), were carried out in an international project network. Particle mass emission (PM) of 2-S Scooters consists mostly of SOF. The standard coulometric EC/OC-analysis, as well as the analyzer MEXA 1370 PM overestimate the amount of soot due to the effect of "charring", which provokes the heaviest VOC to stay in the sample during the thermal extraction and to be indicated as EC. A solution for this analytical problem is demonstrated. Wiremash Filter Catalyst (WFC) is en efficient measure to intensify the oxidation of the exhaust gas components and to reduce PM, PC, PAH, TEQ and VOC. The presented WFC needs a further development for durability and product integration. WFC is an efficient aftertreatment measure to substantially lower the toxicity of 2-S exhaust gases.