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2 2005

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Evolution of the waterways and early human migrations in the North-Eastern Baltic area

Timofeev V. I., Dolukhanov P. M., Nosov E. N., Arslanov K. A., Subetto D. A., Zaitseva G. I.

Geochronometria

2005

Vol. 24

81-85

The earliest evidence of human settlement in north-eastern Baltic Area is attested at Antrea-Korpilahti (9200-8250 cal BC) where Mesolithic artifacts were found in the deposits of a channel linking the Ancylus Lake and the Ladoga Lake. At the initial stage of the Littorina Sea, the Ladoga Lake became isolated and was drained into the Baltic Sea through the Palaeo-Vuoksa river system and the Veshchevo (Hejnijoki) Strait. The sites with the earliest evidence of pottery making (5560-5250 cal BC) coincided with the Littorina II stage. The connection of the Saimaa Lake basin with the Gulf of Bothnia was interrupted at 3000 cal BC, when the lake system started to drain into the Ladoga Lake via the Vuoksa (Vuoksi) River. Influx of fresh water caused a rise of the level of the Ladoga Lake. The peak of the ensuing "Ladoga transgression", was attained between 2210 and 1110 cal BC. At the peak of its transgression the Ladoga Lake formed a new outflow to the Baltic Sea via the Neva River. The current archaeological project is focused on early human migrations, land use and subsistence in relation to environmental changes with a special emphasis on the emergence and configuration of waterways.

Chronological study of archaeological sites and environmental change around 2600 BP in the Eurasian steppe belt (Uyuk Valley, Tuva Republic)

Zaitseva G. I., Chugunov K. V., Bokovenko N. A., Dergachev V. I., Dirksen V. G., Van Geel B., Koulkova M. A., Lebedeva L. M., Sementsov A. A., Plicht J. van der, Scott E. M., Vasiliev S. S., Lokhov K. I., Bourova N.

Geochronometria

2005

Vol. 24

97-107

The main attention of the article presented focuses on the connection between the development of archaeological cultures and environmental changes during the 9th -4th centuries BC (2700-2400 BP). Environmental changes around 2600 BP can be observed by the character of the radiocarbon calibration curve. The region under study is the Uyuk depression in the Tuva Republic which is the part of the Eurasian steppe belt. To reconstruct environmental changes pollen and geochemical analyses of the lake deposits from the Uyuk depression were used. The main feature that made this territory more attractive for settling, is the humidity that promoted nomadic economy. The chronology of the archaeological sites corresponds to a period with a complicated shape of the calibration curve, and a special approach (wiggle-matching dating) is required. The famous Scythian time monuments Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 are located in this region and the wiggle matching method was used to establish the time of their construction. The Arzhan-1 is the oldest among the Scythian time monuments of all Eurasia. The chronology of other Scythian time monuments located in the western and eastern neighbouring territories of Tuva is considered and compared.