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1

Działania agenturalne polskich służb specjalnych w okresie międzywojennym

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 4(53)

420-427

EN

The activities of the Polish counter-intelligence in the between the wars period greatly depended on the political situation. Moreover, the changing international arrangements, the growth of foreign intelligence activities also influenced the defensive bodies. Agents work was an essential part of the secret activities. The Secret Service effects depended on their effectiveness. The motives to recruit agents were of great importance as they were a kind of binder in the co-operation period. The training of collaborates helped to gain necessary information, allowed to draw right conclusions from the observation and evaluate the recognised phenomena. The comparative analysis and checking the credibility of information was an important matter. The command of special services conducted periodical verifications of the agents in order to eliminate ineffective collaborates and improve the efficiency of activities. Poland’s protection against the influence of foreign intelligence was a very complex process. Therefore military branches tried to recognise the intentions of Germany and the Soviet Union. This goal was achieved to a certain degree, depending on the possibilities.

2

Zagrożenie Polski ze strony Niemiec Weimarskich w świetle rozpoznania służb specjalnych

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 3(40)

302-310

EN

German intelligence had convenient conditions to conduct their espionage activities in Poland. Efficient help of Polish citizens of German background favoured intelligence penetration, and thus making it difficult for Polish counterintelligence. Abwehra’s big attention was drawn to recognising Poland’s military potential, particularly mobilisation issues. Materials gained by counterintelligence prove it. Military institutions and police bodies were engaged in fighting against German espionage. Polish counterintelligence, especially in the early 1920s, functioned in very difficult conditions. There were many reasons contributing to this state: the lack of appropriate defence services organisation and inefficiencies in training. Abwehra, despite its good organisation and favourable conditions for their activities, suffered many failures in their struggles with Polish counterintelligence. In spite of numerous problems that the Polish defence service faced in the 1920s, its actions must be positively evaluated.

3

Metody zwalczania niemieckich służb specjalnych przez kontrwywiad Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej w początkowych latach niepodległości

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 1(38)

296-307

EN

The departments of interior and military affairs dealt with fighting against German special services after Poland regained its independence. The military counterintelligence posts worked on the influence of German espionage in the army and protected this resort’s secrets. Civilian bodies often played a typically executive role as the counterintelligence operations’ command was in military hands. The counterintelligence bodies, in the framework of their special services, observed and worked on people who had natural possibilities to conduct spy tasks. The essence of defence actions was to recognise the German intelligence influences and then to liquidate the spy networks. It was important to prepare agents to carry out special duties. The character features, level of intelligence, possibilities to perform certain tasks and motives of actions were taken into consideration. The motives of gaining agents were important as they created a kind of a bond in the time of co-operation. The most valuable sources of information were the agents who acted of ideological reasons, of high intelligence level and aware of certain aims. The counterintelligence posts developing special tasks tried to avoid scheme actions. Taking into account the possibilities of German secret services, they attempted to inspire them to certain endeavours.

4

O metodach działalności sowieckich służb specjalnych w II Rzeczypospolitej

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 4(37)

250-260

EN

Two institutions of soviet intelligence functioned on the Polish Second Republic’s territory: Main Office of State Security and Military Intelligence Bureau of Workers - Peasants Red Army. Each of them had a separate area of interests, specific tasks, different methods of work, although they worked in close co-operation. Soviet intelligence worked very effectively in Poland, using not only espionage rings but also individual agents. Various methods were employed to recruit agents. Secret service agents were specially trained. A great attention was drawn to teach them to use explosives, which were to be used in diversion and sabotage actions in Poland. The techniques of soviet secret service were diversified and very resourceful, particularly in military intelligence. The agents’ activities were based on a ring consisting of a resident and his/her informers, inner and outer intermediaries. The resident was a central figure, therefore a great effort was put to train and locate him/her well. The soviet side tried to use all abilities of people engaged in espionage activities. It had a lot of money and consequently tended to accomplish its planned tasks. Soviet secret service was very dangerous and could not be disrespected. The weak side of its activity, however, was frequent engaging to co-operation people of low intellectual level. It influenced in a negative way the effectiveness of some espionage endeavours. Some actions were accomplished according to old schemes.

5

Efekty polskiego kontrwywiadu w zwalczaniu szpiegostwa niemieckiego w okresie narastającego zagrożenia ze strony III Rzeszy

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 2(35)A Numer specialny

189-195