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1
Content available Methods of investigation of road vehicles in context of immunity to electromagnetic field
Łukjanow S., Tokarzewski J.
Journal of KONES
|
2011
|
Vol. 18, No. 3
211-217
EN
The question of testing of vehicles and their subassemblies, especially in the range of electrical and electronic equipment, is very extensive. The scope of the relevant tests becomes wider and the requirements, especially in the range of safety, reliability and comfort, become higher. Of particular significance, are in recent years, tests concerning electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of whole vehicles and their subassemblies. A survey of basic standardized EMC test methods is presented in the paper. Moreover, an alternative test method of vehicle immunity worked out by authors is proposed. The method has been verified by using the open-area partially shielded test site (OAPSTS) model and compared with standardized methods contained in ECE UN Regulation No. 10 and EU Directive 2004/104/EC. Tests of vehicle immunity to electromagnetic field have been performed using the model of OAPSTS and the vehicles: Citroen-Berlingo, Skoda-Octavia and Daewoo-Lanos. Estimation of basic statistical parameters has also been worked out. The obtained results show that the proposed method is reliable and, on the other hand, it is more accessible and less expensive than the standardized methods in which employing of very expensive absorber-lined shielded test chambers is necessary. The present paper extends the results obtained in [6, 7].
2
Content available Finite zeros of positive linear discrete time systems
Tokarzewski J.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2011
|
Vol. 59, nr 3
287-292
EN
The notion of finite zeros of discrete-time positive linear systems is introduced. It is shown that such zeros are real nonnegative numbers. It is also shown that a square positive strictly proper or proper system of uniform rank with the observability matrix of full column rank has no finite zeros. The problem of zeroing the system output for positive systems is defined. It is shown that a square positive strictly proper or proper system of uniform rank with the observability matrix of full column rank has no nontrivial output-zeroing inputs. The obtained results remain valid for non-square positive systems with the first nonzero Markov parameter of full column rank.
3
Content available Finite zeros of positive linear continuous-time systems
Tokarzewski J.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2011
|
Vol. 59, nr 3
293-298
EN
The notion of finite zeros of continuous-time positive linear systems is introduced. It is shown that such zeros are real numbers. It is also shown that a square positive strictly proper or proper system of uniform rank with observability matrix of full column rank has no finite zeros. The problem of zeroing the system output for positive systems is defined. It is shown that a square positive strictly proper or proper system of uniform rank with observability matrix of full column rank has no nontrivial output-zeroing inputs. The obtained results remain valid for non-square positive systems with the first nonzero Markov parameter of full column rank.
4
Osiągi pojazdów o napędzie niekonwencjonalnym
Lorencki J., Tokarzewski J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska
|
2010
|
z. 5/81
101-109
PL
Przyszłość w alternatywnie napędzanych pojazdach bez użycia benzyny czy oleju napędowego jest nieunikniona. Przy szybkim wzroście cen paliw i ich rychłym wyczerpaniu, staje się jasne, że jedynym sposobem przetrwania na rynku samochodowym jest produkcja pojazdów z ekologicznymi źródłami energii. Na szczęście ostatnimi laty można zaobserwować rozwój nowoczesnych rozwiązań przyjaznych środowisku i niemal każdego dnia można dowiedzieć się o nowych odkryciach na ten temat. Istnieją takie technologie jak pojazdy napędzane wodorem, ogniwami paliwowymi i obecnie najpopularniejsze pojazdy hybrydowe elektryczne. Można wyróżnić także pojazdy z autonomicznym napędem elektrycznym co jest głównym tematem w tej pracy. Jednak najistotniejszym faktem rozpatrywanym w takich pojazdach jest ich zasięg, tj. dystans przebyty przez pojazd od pełnego naładowania baterii do jej kompletnego rozładowania. Producenci pojazdów muszą symulować ten parametr dokładnie przed produkcją w celu uniknięcia kosztów prototypów jak tylko to możliwe. Zasięg podany jest w funkcji prędkości. W klasycznej teorii pojazdów zależy głównie od jego masy, współczynniku tarcia (rodzaje opon i powierzchni drogi), oporu aerodynamicznego oraz powierzchni czołowej pojazdu. W przypadku pojazdów elektrycznych bardzo ważny jest rodzaj silnika elektrycznego, jego sprawność oraz falownik (silniki prądu zmiennego) lub chopper (silniki prądu stałego). Niemniej jednak najistotniejszym czynnikiem w zasięgu pojazdów jest technologia baterii trakcyjnych. Klasyczne ogniwa kwasowo-ołowiowe mają słabe osiągi ale już baterie litowe stanowią ewidentną przyszłość w tym kierunku.
EN
The future in alternatively powered vehicles without gasoline or Diesel fuel is inevitable. With the rapid growth of petroleum prize and its foreseeable depletion, it becomes clear that the only possibility to survive on the automotive market is to manufacture cars with ecological energy sources. Fortunately, in recent years a great number of environmentally friendly modern solutions have been developed and almost every day we may study new discoveries concerning this subject. There are such technologies as: vehicles powered by hydrogen, fuel cells, and currently the most popular hybrid electric vehicles. There are also vehicles with autonomous electrical drive which is the main subject in this thesis. However, one of the most important factors considered in such cars is their range, i.e. the distance that vehicle can go from the full state of charge until the complete discharge of the battery. Vehicle manufacturers have to simulate this parameter accurately before the production in order to avoid the costs of prototypes as much as possible. The range is given in the function of speed. In the classical theory of vehicles it depends mainly on the mass of an automobile, friction coefficient (types of tires and the road surface), aerodynamic drag and the frontal area of a vehicle. In the case of electric cars the type of electric motor, its efficiency, and inverter (AC motors) or chopper (DC motors) are very important. However, the crucial factor in range is the technology of traction batteries. The classical lead acid cells have low performance, though the lithium batteries have the indisputable future in this area.
5
Content available Investigations of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of vehicles using open-area partially shielded test site model
Łukjanow S., Tokarzewski J.
Journal of KONES
|
2010
|
Vol. 17, No. 3
271-277
EN
The technological development in automotive industry that can be observed during the last several decades, especially during the last decade, causes that share of a vehicle electrical and electronic equipment constitutes over 30% of its total worth. This equipment essentially affects the safety of the driver and passengers as well as the driving comfort. In order to fulfill the growing requirements in the range of vehicles safety and reliability, conducting of numerous tests of the electrical/electronic equipment, including tests of electromagnetic compatibility, are necessary. As is known, EMC tests are expensive and difficult to reach, mainly due to the necessity of employing very expensive absorber-lined shielded test chambers. For this reason, there is a need for studying more accessible and less expensive EMC test methods, in particular, by using open-area partially shielded test sites (OAPSTS). In this paper, a model of OAPSTS is described. The model ensures that the tested vehicles are partially separated from the environment by shields attenuating electromagnetic waves. These shields have been made of electro-conductive fabrics worked out in Poland. Tests of vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiation have been performed using the model of OAPSTS and the following vehicles: Skoda Octavia 1,8 and Daewoo Lanos 1,6. Estimation of parameters of the OAPSTS model for four variants of absorbe s placement has been worked out. The tests have been performed according to EU Directive 2004/104/EC and ECE UN Regulation No. 10.
6
Content available remote Zera w liniowych układach sterowania a uogólnione zagadnienie wartości własnych
Tokarzewski J.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2009
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R. 85, nr 10
129-132
PL
W pracy wyprowadzono definicję zer inwariantnych liniowego ciągłego układu sterowania o wielu wejściach i wielu wyjściach z uogólnionego zagadnienia wartości własnych. Przedstawiono również pewne konsekwencje przyjętej definicji.
EN
In this paper the notion of invariant zeros of a MIMO LTI continuous-time system is derived from the generalized eigenvalue problem. Some consequences of the adopted definition of invariant zeros have been also presented.
7
Content available Investigations of electric field strength (in EMC context) in chosen vehicles exposed to electromagnetic field
Łukjanow S., Tokarzewski J., Kołodziejczak M.
Journal of KONES
|
2009
|
Vol. 16, No. 3
233-241
EN
Fast development of electronics in recent years causes that the number of various kind electronic systems is still growing. This causes also that requirements concerning tests of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of whole vehicles as well as their electric/electronic subassemblies become more significant. In this paper, the most important requirements of international regulations in the range of EMC, i. e., ECE UN Regulation No. l0 and EU Directive 2004/104/EC, have been outlined. Moreover, results of investigations of electric field strength inside of three chosen vehicles have been presented. The tests have been performed, according to Directive 2004/104/EC, in an absorber-lined shielded chamber in thefrequency band 20MHz to 2000MHz and at the electric field strength in the reference point equal to 30V/m. The most important results of these investigations have been presented in the form of graphs of electric field strength distribution in various points of tested vehicles. Individual electric/electronic devices o f a vehicle are exposed to electromagnetic field with a very wide range of values of electric field strength - depending upon a device position in a vehicle, vehicle type and antenna polarization. Values of electric field strength inside of a vehicle may essentially exceed the values recommended by standards for immunity tests of electric/electronic subassemblies.
8
Content available remote Zeros in linear systems with time delay in state
Tokarzewski J.
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
|
2009
|
Vol. 19, no 4
609-617
EN
The concept of invariant zeros in a linear time-invariant system with state delay is considered. In the state-space framework, invariant zeros are treated as triples: complex number, nonzero state-zero direction, input-zero direction. Such a treatment is strictly related to the output-zeroing problem and in that spirit the zeros can be easily interpreted. The problem of zeroing the system output is discussed. For systems of uniform rank, the first nonzero Markov parameter comprises a certain amount of information concerning invariant zeros, output-zeroing inputs and zero dynamics. General formulas for output-zeroing inputs and zero dynamics are provided.
9
Content available remote Zeros and the output-zeroing problem in linear systems with time delay in control vector
Tokarzewski J.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2009
|
Vol. 19, no. 1
23-41
EN
The notion of zeros in linear time-invariant multi input multi output systems with delay in state or/and control input is not extensively discussed in the relevant literature. The concept of invariant zeros in a linear time-invariant MIMO system with delay in control vector is considered. In the state-space framework the invariant zeros are treated as the triples: complex number, nonzero state-zero direction, input-zero direction. Such treatment is strictly related to the output-zeroing problem and in that spirit the zeros can be easily interpreted. The problem of zeroing the system output is also addressed. For systems of uniform rank the first nonzero Markov parameter comprises a certain amount of information concerning invariant zeros, output-zeroing inputs and the zero dynamics. General formulas for output-zeroing inputs, the corresponding solutions and the zero dynamics are provided. The obtained results are illustrated by simple numerical examples.
10
Content available remote Zeros and the output-zeroing problem in linear fractional-order systems
Tokarzewski J.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2008
|
Vol. 18, no. 4
437-451
EN
The concept of invariant zeros in fractional order LTI systems with the Caputo derivative is introduced in the paper. The problem of zeroing the system output is discussed. For systems of uniform rank explicit formulas for output-zeroing inputs and the corresponding solutions to the state equation are provided. The zero dynamics and invariant zeros for such systems are also characterized.
11
Content available Wpływ zwiększonego masowego momentu bezwładności i braku wyważenia armaty na jej drgania kątowe w elewacji
Papliński K., Tokarzewski J.
Archiwum Motoryzacji
|
2006
|
Nr 2
149-158
PL
Przedstawiony został ogólny zarys badan eksperymentalnych czołgu podstawowego, jak rów.nież stabilizatora położenia kątowego wieży i armaty. W artykule zaprezentowano niewielką część wyników badan ilustrujących drgania armaty bez i z zamontowaną niej masą dodatkową, która powodowała zwiększenie masowego momentu bezwładności armaty, jak również brak wyważenia armaty. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych porównane zostały z wynikami symulacji. Stwierdzono, ze model matematyczny wystarczająco odzwierciedla rzeczywisty układ automatycznej regulacji.
EN
General outline of experimental investigations of main battle tank and also turret and gun angular stabilization system has been shown. Small part of tests results illustrating gun vibrations, with and with.out additional mass installed on the gun that increased inertia moment of gun as well as unbalanced gun, have been presented in the paper. Results of experimental investigations have been compared with results of simulation. It was affirmed that mathematical model sufficiently reflects real control system.
12
A note on output-nulling subspaces, zero-dynamics and zeros in MIMO LTI systems
Tokarzewski J.
Systems Science
|
2004
|
Vol. 30, no 4
71-79
EN
In MIMO LTI continuous-time systems S(A, B, C) the classical notion of the Smith zeros does not characterize fully the output-zeroing problem. In order to analyze the question we extend this notion by treating multivariable zeros (called further the invariant zeros) as the triples (complex number, nonzero state-zero direction, input-zero direction). Nothing is assumed about the relationship of the number of inputs to the number of outputs nor about the normal rank of the underlying system matrix. The treatment is strictly connected with the output zeroing problem and in that spirit the zeros can be easily interpreted even in the degenerate case (i.e., when any complex number is such zero). A simple sufficient and necessary condition of nondegeneracy is presented. The condition decomposes the class of all systems S(A, B, C) such that and into two disjoint subclasses: of nondegenerate and degenerate systems. In nondegenerate systems, the Smith zeros and the invariant zeros are exactly the same objects which are determined as the roots of the so-called zero polynomial. The degree of this polynomial equals the dimension of the maximal (A, B)-invariant subspace contained in KerC, while the zero dynamics are independent of control vector. In degenerate systems the zero polynomial determines merely the Smith zeros, while the set of the invariant zeros equals the whole complex plane. The dimension of the maximal (A, B)-invariant subspace contained in KerC is strictly larger than the degree of the zero polynomial, whereas the zero dynamics essentially depend upon control vector.
13
Content available remote Tendencje rozwojowe elektromechatroniki pojazdów samochodowych
Tokarzewski J.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2004
|
R. 80, nr 7-8
715-718
PL
W artykule przedstawiono krótkie omówienie zagadnień związanych ze stanem obecnym i tendencjami rozwojowymi w dziedzinie mechatroniki pojazdów samochodowych.
EN
The paper provides a short overview of the present stases and development trends the mechatronics automotive systems.
14
Content available remote A note on some characterization of invariant zeros in singular systems and algebraic criteria of nondegeneracy
Tokarzewski J.
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
|
2004
|
Vol. 14, no 2
149-159
EN
The question how the classical definition of the Smith zeros of an LTI continuous-time singular control system S(E,A,B,C,D) can be generalized and related to state-space methods is discussed. The zeros are defined as those complex numbers for which there exists a zero direction with a nonzero state-zero direction. Such a definition allows an infinite number of zeros (then the system is called degenerate). A sufficient and necessary condition for nondegeneracy is formulated. Moreover, some characterization of invariant zeros, based on the Weierstrass-Kronecker canonical form of the system and the first nonzero Markov parameter, is obtained.
15
Content available remote Relationship between Smith zeros and invariant zeros in linear systems
Tokarzewski J.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2004
|
Vol. 14, no. 1
15-26
EN
The question how the classical concept of the Smith zeros of a linear, time-invariant (LTI), multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) continuous-time singular system S (E, A, B, C, D) can be generalized and related to the stste-space methods is discussed. nothing is assumed about the relationship of the number of inputs to the number of outputs nor about the normal rank of the underlying system matrix. The aforementioned generalization treats zeros (called further the invariant zeros) as the triples . Such treatment is strictly connested with the output-zeroing problem and in that spirit the zeros can be easily interpreted even in the degenerate case.
16
Content available remote A note on zeros, output-nulling subspaces and zero-dynamics in MIMO LTI systems
Tokarzewski J.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2004
|
Vol. 14, no. 2
179-199
EN
In a standard multi-input, multi-output linear time invariant (MIMO LTI) continuous-time system S9A,B,C) the classical notion of the Smith zeros does not characterize fully the output-zeroing problem nor the zero dynamics. The question how this notion can be extended and related to the state-space methods is discussed. Nothing is assumed about the ralationship of the number of inputs to the number of outputs nor about the normal rank of the underlying system matrix. The proposed extension treats multivariable zeros as the triples. Such a treatment is strictly connected with the output zeroing problem and in that spirit the zeros can be easily interpreted even in the degenerate case.
17
Invariant zeros in singular systems - Algebraic criterions of nondegeneracy
Tokarzewski J.
Systems Science
|
2003
|
Vol. 29, nr 1
61-78
EN
The question of how the classical concept of the Smith zeros of a LTI continuous-time singular control system S(E,A,B,C,D) can be generalized and related to state-space methods is discussed. The zeros are defined as those complex numbers for which there exists a zero direction with nonzero state-zero direction. Such a definition admits an infinite number of zeros (then the system is called degenerate). Algebraic criterions of degeneracy/nondegeneracy based on Weierstrass-Kronecker canonical form of the system and on the first nonzero Markov parameter are analyzed.
18
Wodór jako źródło energii w technice samochodowej
Polakowski K., Tokarzewski J.
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektryka
|
2003
|
z. 129
117--130
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące zastosowania wodom, jako źródła energii w pojazdach samochodowych. Dokonano próby analizy zagadnień dotyczących produkcji, magazynowania i wykorzystania wodoru. Przeanalizowano również problematykę dotyczącą zastosowania wodoru jako paliwa w ogniwach paliwowych a także w samochodowych silnikach spalinowych.
EN
The paper focuses on hydrogen properties and its use in fuel cell technology. Different types of fuel cell are presented. The fuel cell was chosen as it is the most promising for automotive applications, and its transit application is currently the most advanced. Additionally hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is described.
19
Tendencje rozwojowe w niekonwencjonalnych napędach pojazdów samochodowych
Tokarzewski J., Polakowski K.
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektryka
|
2003
|
z. 129
143--154
PL
W pracy przedstawiono krótkie omówienie zagadnień związanych ze stanem obecnym i tendencjami rozwojowymi w dziedzinie pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym i hybrydowym.
EN
The paper provides a short overview of the present status of electric and hybrid vehicles with emphasis on the engineering philosophy and key technologies. The results of the integration of automotive technologies, electric drives, electronics, informatics and chemistry are addressed. Electric vehicle (EV) is a road vehicle equipped with electric propulsion. EVs include battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Environment protection and energy conservation drive the development of EVs. However, the commercialisation of EVs does not seem to be successful. The main reason is that EVs cannot satisfy the user needs due to their short range and high cost. Looking ahead to the next few decades it is possible to expect that BEVs will be designed as small specialized vehicles, HEVs will meet user needs and will grow at a faster rate. FCEVs have long term potential to be the basic vehicle in the future because of their almost zero emission and comparable range to ICEVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles). However, the major challenge of FCEVs lies in the development of a low-cost FC, efficient fuel processor and refuelling system.
20
Liberalizacja rynku gazu ziemnego w Polsce
Osiadacz A., Tokarzewski J., Piwowarski A., Winter J.
Nowoczesne Gazownictwo
|
2003
|
nr 4
29-39
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