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1

Eurocorps in European Common Security and Defense Policy : Functioning, Structure, Competence

Knap A.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2018

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Nr 1

15--27

EN

In the last two years, the perception of security situation in Europe has dramatically changed. Considering the strained situation of tensions and crises in close proximity of Europe, Brexit, and a series of unprecedented terrorist attacks inside the EU states, it is highly essential that the countries be capable of joint activity in the context of key EU interests and menace. The EU societies are well informed about the threats to the Schengen Area. Such forms of threats to security as unprecedented in size illegal immigration, terrorist acts on the European territory, the falling of state structures, the sinking of the African and Middle East states into the abyss of internal wars, the reinforcement of Russia’s military potential or the North Korea’s attempts to deter international societies by means of nuclear potential should all be a reason enough for further European integration. However, considering negative tendencies inside most of the EU member states to reduce expenses on defense1, international command structures such as Eurocorps, despite the aforementioned threats, are presently facing disadvantageous processes, such as reducing human resources or equipment. On the other hand, when facing the same threats, present command structures in NATO as regards structures and tasks, as well as the revived will to enforce common security and defense policy in the EU are a chance for wider engagement of international military units and may drive Eurocorps to become a proper tool in the future for development of the security system of the framework and associated nations. It can be assumed that the EC cooperation of recent years with the EU organizations will make the balancing of NATO and EU tasks dominant during the Common Committee’s decision-making on the future engagement of Eurocorps. From the point of view of national interest, considering autonomous decision on reducing personnel and equipment, there are several arguments supporting further interest in Eurocorps within the frames of international defense cooperation. The problem of further integration within the multinational military structure, such as Eurocorps, seems still ongoing, because the change of threat nature in the environment of European security, including a politically noticeable shift of main interest to the “old EU”, and the declaration of strategic partnership between the EU and NATO2 as being complementary, and not competitive, all justifies the necessity to search further for initiatives of building more effective system of security in our part of continent. Such situation requires the engagement of Poland in various European defense initiatives. Poland, being a state of serious military potential, is faced with high expectations regarding decision-making and its influence on the shape of European security system, including the participation in the future defense structures at different levels, which can be a factor in building a strong position of the Polish Armed Forces in international structures.

2

Żarowe źródła promieniowania podczerwonego do analizatorów NDIR

Jasek K., Knap A., Puton J., Mazurek B.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 7

205-208

PL

Przeprowadzono szczegółowe badania termicznych źródeł promieniowania podczerwonego stosowanych w analizatorach typu NDIR. Podstawowym celem badań było określenie zależności między czynnikami geometrycznymi, t.j. położeniem i wymiarami grzejnika., a sprawnością źródła. Pokazano, że wymiary źródła nie wpływają znacząco na moc promieniowania mierzonego przez detektor. Najważniejszymi cechami źródła okazały się kształt reflektora i położenie grzejnika.

EN

Precise investigations of thermal IR sources used in NDIR analysers have been conducted. The main objective of the study was experimental determination the relationships between geometrical factors, i.e., position and dimensions of the heater and efficiency of the source. It was shown, that length and diam measured by detector. The shape of reflector and position of the heater turned out to be most important features of the source.

3

Optimisation of a pulsed IR source for NDIR gas analysers

Puton J., Jasek K., Siodłowski B., Knap A., Wiśniewski K.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2002

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Vol. 10, No. 2

97-103

EN

Thermal sources which radiation can be modulated by supplying the heater with alternating voltage are used in gasanalysers operating on the basis of absorption of infrared radiation. Suitability of the source for direct modulation (i.e. with-out the use of a mechanical chopper) can be determined by frequency limit of modulation and energetic efficiency. Two IR source models, which heaters are made of platinum foil, have been studied. The maximum operating temperature of the sources was 1000oC. The models varied with regard to the way of heat transfer. Conduction through layer of gas between the platinum foil and the substrate was a dominating way of exchanging heat for the first source. Cooling of the heater of the second source took place due to the heat conduction in the platinum foil. Frequency limits obtained for the examined thermal source models are 2 and 5-times higher than for microbulbs, respectively, which are a commonly applied infrared source in simple gas analysers.

4

Model kapnometru z termicznymi detektorami podczerwieni

Puton J., Knap A., Jasek K., Siodłowski B., Pałko T.

Elektronizacja : podzespoły i zastosowania elektroniki

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2002

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nr 7-8

15-17

5

Implementacja i badanie własności statystycznych szyfru blokowego CS

Knap A.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2001

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Vol. 50, nr 1

35-66

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę oceny własności statycznych szyfru blokowego CS. Zaprezentowano algorytm tego szyfru, wyniki jego implementacji oraz wyniki przeprowadzonych testów statystycznych. W badaniach wykorzystano test χ² i test Mauera. Zbadano również wrażliwość testu Mauera na podstawowe rodzaje defektów statystycznych w sekwencjach losowych.

EN

There are investigated the statistical properties of block cipher CS. These is presented algorithm of this cipher, results of implementation and results of statistical tests. χ² test and Mauer test are applied to investigate the cipher. There is verified the sensibility of Mauer test for the main kinds of the statistical defects in the random sequences.

6

Membrany w układzie wprowadzania próbek w przyrządzie do wykrywania zanieczyszczeń powietrza

Puton J., Mazurek M., Knap A., Witkiewicz Z., Popiel S.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2000

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T. 5, nr 2

67--73

PL

Scharakteryzowano rodzaje i właściwości membran stosowanych w technikach separacyjnych. Opisano proces przenikania substancji przez membrany i przedstawiono wyniki badań dwóch membran zastosowanych w układzie wprowadzania próbek gazowych do analizatora. Analizowanymi substancjami, których przenikanie przez membrany badano, był iperyt siarkowy i sarin. Do oznaczenia ich współczynników przenikania przez membrany zastosowano chromatografię gazową z zatężaniem próbek na adsorbencie węglowym.

EN

The kinds of membranes used in separation techniques and properties are characterized. The permeation process of substances through the membranes is presented. The investigation of two membranes used in the system of gas sample injection into an analyzer is described. The analyzed substances permeating through the membranes were sulfur yperite and sarin. Gas chromatography with the analytes enrichment on charcoal was used for the determination of the analytes penetration coefficients through the membranes.

7

Generator par substancji organicznych

Puton J., Jasek K., Knap A., Mazurek B.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2000

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T. 5, nr 1

46--53

PL

W pracy przedstawiono opis układu przeznaczonego do wytwarzania mieszanin gazowych, zawierających pary substancji organicznych. Zasada działania układu polega na precyzyjnym sterowaniu przepływami gazów za pomocą regulatorów przepływu masowego. Przeprowadzono analizę przyjętego sposobu sterowania stężeniem próbki oraz oceniono błędy zaproponowanej metody.

EN

The paper presents description of the system for generation of gaseous mixtures containing organic vapours. The principle of operation of the system consists in precision driving of gas flows with mass flow controllers. The analysis of method used for controlling of sample concentration was carried out and errors of proposed method were estimated.