Post-drainage secondary succession of soil nematodes on fen peat meadows in Biebrza Wetlands, Poland

• Autorzy: Wasilewska L.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

After the drainage of fens and their permanent use as meadows, peat-forming process is being replaced by moorshing (mucking) process (mineralization and humification of peat), and then by turf-forming process. Secondary succession of soil nematodes was examined by using the chronosequence of meadow sites (period I: 1978-1983) and also by analysing the same sites 15-17 years later (period II: 1994-1997). The analysis was focused on the taxa (genera) of nematodes and on 19 to 29 parameters describing the community as total density, density of trophic groups, diversity indices and maturity indices. The pattern of successional changes was obtained for periods from 2 to 117 years after drainage. Natural not-drained fens were used for comparison. Soil structure and soil processes occuring over the time considered can be characterized as follows: soil moisture (by weight) 80-52% total soil porosity 90-77%, bulk density 0.16-0.44 (to 0.92) g cm^-3, total C content in soil 47-7% total N content in soil 4.4-0.5%, ranges in the sequence from Mt I (poorly moorshified soils) to Mt III (strongly moorshified soils). In natural fens, soil moisture was 80%, soil porosity 90%, bulk density 0.15-0.35 g cm^-3, and peat-forming processes (Pt) were continued. As compared with natural fens, drainage and management of fens was associated with increasing density of total nematodes and their components such as bacterivores, fungivores, facultative plant feeders, obligate plant feeders, omnivores, and predators. In drained fens the density of nematodes declined with succession with the exception of omnivores. The increase in the density of omnivores was positively correlated with the number of years after drainage (r=0.48, P<0.01). The indices of taxa diversity and maturity indices were postively correlated with years after drainage (P<0.001-0.05). In natural fens, ranges of density of all trophic groups were lower, and maturity indices higher than in drained peat meadows. The The mechanisms driving the first stage of succession in nematode communities (until about 30 years after the drainage of fens) seem to be tolerance to the droughts and to the excess of nitrogen what was accompanied with higher density of herbivores (mainly Paratylenchus). In later stages, interspecific competition is likely to play a more important role. Also a statistically significant relation was found of some taxa and parameters to peat type.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

diversity indices; genera density; maturity indices peat types; natural fens; nematode secondary succession; post-drained peat meadows; soil nematodes; trophic groups

• Wydawca: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Ecology
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: Vol. 50, nr 3
• Strony: 269--300
• Opis fizyczny: Tab., wykr.,Bibliogr. 99 poz.,

Twórcy

autor

Wasilewska L.

• Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dziekanów Leśny near Warsaw, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland,

Bibliografia

• [1]. Andrassy I. 1884 - Klasse Nematoda - Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 509 pp.
• [2]. Andrassy I. 1991 - A short census of free-living nematodes - Fundam. appl. Nematol. 15: 187-188.
• [3]. Andrzejewska L., Chmielewski K., Kaczmarek M., Kajak A., Wasilewska L. 1985 - The effect of peat meadow management on biocoenosis - Pol. ecol. Stud. 11: 53-78.
• [4]. Andrzejewski R., Weigle A. 1991 - Polskie studium różnorodności biologicznej [Polish Studium of Biodiversity] - Narodowa Fundacja Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa, 186 pp.
• [5]. Armendáriz I., Arpin P. 1996 - Nematodes and their relationship to forest dynamics: 1. Species and trophic groups - Biol. Fertil. Soils, 23: 405-413.
• [6]. Armendáriz I., Hernndez M. A., Jordana R. 1996 - Temporal evolution of soil nematode communities in Pinus nigra forest of Navarra, Spain -Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 19: 561-577.
• [7]. Bardgett R. D., Cook R. 1998 - Functional aspects of soil animal diversity in agricultural grasslands - Appl. Soil Ecol. 10: 263-276.
• [8]. Bardgett R. D., Cook R., Yeates G. W., Denton C.S. 1999 - The influence of nematodes on below-ground processes in grassland ecosystems - Plant and Soil, 212: 23-33.
• [9]. Bardgett R. D., McAlister E. 1999 - The meas-urement of soil fungal: bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in tem-perate meadow grasslands - Biol. Fertil. Soils, 29: 282-290.
• [10]. Bongers T. 1988 - De Nematoden van Nederland - Natuurhistorische Bibliotheek van de KNNV 46, Pirola, Schoorl, 408 pp.
• [11]. Bongers T. 1990 - The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition - Oecologia, 83: 14-19.
• [12]. Bongers T. 1999 - The maturity index, the evolution of nematode life history traits, adaptive radiation and c-p scaling - Plant and Soil, 212: 13-22.
• [13]. Bongers T., Bongers M. 1998 - Functional diversity of nematodes - Appl. Soil Ecol. 10: 239-251.
• [14]. Bongers T., Ferris H. 1999 - Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring - TREE, 14: 224-228.
• [15]. Bongers T., de Goede R. G. M., Korthals G. W., Yeates G. W. 1995 - Proposed changes of c-p classification for nematodes - Russian J. Nematol. 3: 61-62.
• [16]. Bongers T., Van der Meulen H., Korthals G. W. 1997 - Inverse relationship between nematode maturity index and plant parasite index under enriched nutrient conditions - Appl. Soil Ecol. 6: 195-199.
• [17]. Brussaard L. Behan-Pelletier V. M., Bignell D.E., Brown V. K., Didden W. A., Folgarait P. J., Fragoso C., Wall-Freckman D., Gupta V. V. S. R., Hattori T., Hawksworth D., Klopatek C., Lavelle P., Malloch D., Rudek J., Söderström B., Tiedje J. M., Virginia R. A. 1997 - Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil - Ambio, 26: 563-570.
• [18]. Brzeski M. W. 1995 - Changes of the nematode fauna in the successive age classes of a Scots pine forest - Fragm. faun. 38: 339-345.
• [19]. Burakowski B., Nowakowski E. 1993 - Beetles (Coleoptera) of meadows on peat soils in Biebrza Valley - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk Roln. 406: 153-159.
• [20]. Cox R. J., Smart G. C. 1994 - Nematodes associ-ated with plants from naturally acidic wetland soils - J. Nematol. 26: 535-537.
• [21]. de Goede R. G. M., Georgieva S. S., Verschoor B. C. Kamerman J.-W. 1993a - Changes in nematode community structure in a primary succession of blown-out areas in a drift sand land-scape - Fundam. appl. Nematol. 16: 501-513.
• [22]. de Goede R. G. M., Verschoor B. C., Georgieva S. S. 1993b - Nematode distribution, trophic structure and biomass in a primary succession of blown-out areas in a drift sand landscape - Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 16: 525-538.
• [23]. Dmowska E. 1993 - Nematode communities of hy-drogenic soils - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 406: 139-152.
• [24]. Ekschmitt K., Bakonyi G., Bongers M., Bongers T., Boström S., Dogan H., Harrison A., Kallimanis A.,. Nagy P., O'Donnel A. G., Sohlenius B., Stamou G., Wolters V. 1999 - Effects of the nematofauna on microbial energy and matter transformation rates in European grass-land soils - Plant and Soil, 212: 45-61.
• [25]. Ettema C. H., Lowrance R., Coleman D. C. 1999 - Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: the indicator potential of free-living soil nematode populations - Soil Biol. Biochem. 31: 1625-1638.
• [26]. Freckman D. W., Blackburn T. H., Brussaard L., Hutchings P., Palmer M. A., Snelgrove P. V. R. 1997 - Linking biodiversity and ecosys-tem functioning of soils and sediments - Ambio, 26: 556-562.
• [27]. Gerber K., Smart G. C. Jr. 1987 - Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with aquatic vascular plants - Vistas on Nematol.: 488-501.
• [28]. Gotkiewicz J., 1977 - Mineralization course of nitrogen compounds in distinguished sites of the Wizna fen - Pol. ecol. Stud. 3: 33-43.
• [29]. Góralczyk K. 1998 - Nematodes in a coastal dune succession: Indicators of soil properties? - Appl. Soil Ecol. 9: 465-496.
• [30]. Häne1 L. 1995 - Secondary successional stages of soil nematodes in cambisols of South Bohemia - Nematologica, 41: 197-218.
• [31]. Häne1 L. 1997 - Soil nematodes (Nematoda) of peaty and drained meadows at Senotin in South Bohemia, Czech Republic - Ćasopis Mrodniho muzea, Rada pfirodovednk 166: 15-25.
• [32]. Häne1 L. 2000 - Seasonal chanegs of soil nematodes, other soil microfauna and fungus fruiting bodies in a spruce forest near Ceskć Budejovice, Czech Republic - Biologia (Bratislava), 55: 435-443.
• [33]. Häne1 L. 2001 - Succession of soil nematodes in pine forests on coal-mining sands near Cottbus, Germany - Appl. Soil Ecol. 16: 23-34.
• [34]. Hoeksema J. D., Lussenhop J., Teeri J. A. 2000 - Soil nematodes indicate food web responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 - Pedobiologia, 44: 725-735.
• [35]. Ilieva-Makulec K. 2000 - Nematode fauna of a cultivated peat meadow in relation to soil depth - Ann. Zool. (Warszawa) 50: 247-254.
• [36]. Ingham R. E., Trofymov J. A., Ingham E. R., Coleman D. C. 1985 - Interactions of bacteria, fungi and their nematode grazers: Effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth - Ecol. Monogr. 55: 119-140.
• [37]. Kaczmarek M. 1991 - Characteristics of the studied habitats in the Biebrza and Narew old river valleys - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 7-18.
• [38]. Kaczmarek M. 1993 - Characteristic of Collembola communities occurring on meadows on variously degraded hydrogenous soil - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 406: 129-133.
• [39]. Kaczmarek M. 1998 - Long term changes (15 years) of Collembola communities on drained fens - Pol. J. Ecol. 46: 237-242.
• [40]. Kajak A., Okruszko H. 1990 - Grasslands on drained peats in Poland (In: Managed Grasslands, Ed. A. Breymeyer) - Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 213-253.
• [41]. Kajak A., Pętał J. 2001 - Drained fens: comparison of N mineralization rate and biotic structures in the periods of secondary succession - Pol. J. Ecol. 49: 261-270.
• [42]. Kajak A., Wasilewska L. 1996 - Różnorodność gatunkowa organizmów a przebieg rozkładu materii w glebach uprawnych [The species diversity of organisms and the course of the decomposition of matter in cultivated soils] - Zesz. nauk. Komit. Człow. Środ. 15: 129-144.
• [43]. Kajak A., Andrzejewska L. Chmielewski K., Ciesielska Z., Kaczmarek M., Makulec G., Pętal J., Wasilewska L. 1985 - Long-term changes in grassland communities of hetero-trophic organisms on drained fens - Pol. ecol. Stud. 11: 21-52.
• [44]. Kotowska J., Pasternak-Kuśmierska D., Wilpiszewska I. 1996 (1998) - Comparative analysis of the sward of hay-growing meadows on peat-muck soils - Pol. ecol. Stud. 22: 141-157.
• [45]. Laiho R., Silvan N., Carcamo H., Vasander H. 2001 - Effects of water level and nutrients on spa-tial distribution of soil mesofauna in peatlands drained for forestry in Finland - Appl. Soil Ecol. 16: 1-9.
• [46]. Liang W., Lavian I., Steinberger Y. 1999 - Dynamics of nematode community composition in a potato field - Pedobiologia, 43: 459-469.
• [47]. Maciak F. 1995 - Ocena aktywności biologicznej murszów i torfów na podstawie mineralizacji związków węgla i azotu [Estimation of the biological activity in moorshs and peats on the basis of carbon and organie nitrogen mineralization] - Roczn. Glebozn. 46: 19-26.
• [48]. Makulec G. 1991 - The effect of long term drainage of peat soil on earthworm communities (Oligocha-eta: Lumbricidae) - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 203-219.
• [49]. Makulec G. 1993 - Abundance and biomass of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in hydrogenous soils under various degree of mucking - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 406: 119-127.
• [50]. Morin P. J. 1999 - Community ecology - Blackwell Science Inc. Abingdon, 424 pp.
• [51]. Nazaruk M. 1996 - Zatrzymać degradację łąk położonych na glebach torfowo-murszowych [Reserve the degradation of meadows located on peat-moorsh soils] - Wiad. mel. łąk. 39: 153-157.
• [52]. Nazaruk G., Kaca E. 1999 - Peatland subsidence on the Wizna study area with a functioning irrigation-drainage system made of ceramic drains - J. Water Land Develop. 3: 77-89.
• [53]. Neher D. A., Olson R. K. 1999 - Nematode com-munities in soils of four farm cropping management systems - Pedobiologia, 43: 430-438.
• [54]. Nowak E., Pilipiuk I. 1997 - The influence of drainage on enchytreids (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) of fens in the Biebrza ice-marginal valley - Ekol. pol. 45: 423-440.
• [55]. Odum E. P. 1985 - Trends expected in stressed eco-systems - BioScience, 35: 419-422.
• [56]. Okruszko H. 1990 - Wetlands of the Biebrza Val-ley. Their value and future management - Pol. Acad. Sci., Warszawa, 107 pp.
• [57]. Okruszko H. 1993 - Transformation of fen-peat soils under the impact of draining - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 406: 3-75.
• [58]. Okruszko H. 1995 - Influence of hydrological differentiation of fens on their transformation after dehydration and on possibilities for restoration (In: Restoration of temperate wetlands, Eds. B. D. Wheeler, S. C. Shaw, W. J Fojt, R. A. Robertson) - John Willey and Sons Ltd. pp. 113-119.
• [59]. Olejniczak I. 1998 - The carabid communities of natural and drained peatlands in the Biebrza Valley, NE Poland - Pol. J. Ecol. 46: 243-260.
• [60]. Ohtonen R., Aikio S., Vare H. 1997 - Ecological theories in soil biology - Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 1613-1619.
• [61]. Pałczyński A. 1972 - Bagna Jaćwieskie. Pradolina Biebrzy - Roczn. Nauk roln. D. 145: 1-232. (in Polish with German summary).
• [62]. Pałczyński A. 1984 - Natural differentiation of plant communities in relation to hydrological conditions of the Biebrza Valley - Pol. ecol. Stud. 10: 347-385.
• [63]. Parmelce R. W. 1995 - Soil fauna: linking different levels of the ecological hierarchy (In: Linking species and ecosystems, Eds. C. G. Jones, J. H. Lawton) - Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York, London, 107-115.
• [64]. Pate E., Ndiaye-Faye N., Thioulouse J., Ville-nave C., Bongers T., Cadet P., Debouzie D. 2000 - Successional trends in the characteristics of soil nematode communities in cropped and fal-low lands in Senegal (Sonkorong) - Appl. Soil Ecol. 14: 5-15.
• [65]. Pętal J. 1993 - Communities of soil invertebrates in meadows on transformed hydrogenous soil - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 406: 111-117.
• [66]. Pętal J. 1994 - Ant communities in Biebrza marschland (In: Proc. Intern. Symp. "Conservation and management of fens", June 6-10,1994, Warsaw-Biebrza, Poland) - Institute of Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming in Falenty, pp. 399-406.
• [67]. Pętal J., Churski T. 1991 - Basic physical, chemical and biotic processes in meadow ecosystems on hydrogenous soils - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 347-358.
• [68]. Prejs K. 1986 - Nematodes as a possible cause of rhizome damage in three species of Potamogeton - Hydrobiologia, 131: 281-286.
• [69]. Shannon C. E., Weav er W. 1949 - The mathematical theory of communication - Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 117 pp.
• [70]. Sohlenius B. 1997 - Fluctuations of nematode populations in pine-forest soils. Influence by clear-cutting - Fundam. appl. Nematol. 20: 103-114.
• [71]. Stachurski A., Zimka J. R. 1998 - The influence of nitrogen and sulphur mineralization in peat soils on nutritional status of plants - Pol. J. Ecol. 46: 101-116.
• [72]. Szuniewicz J., Chrzanowski S. 1995 - Przeo-brażanie się i spłycanie odwodnionych gleb torfowych na przykładzie torfowiska Kuwasy [Transformation and shallowing of dehydrated peat soils on example of Kuwasy fen] (In: Tor-foznawstwo w badaniach naukowych i praktyce. Sesja naukowa z okazji jubileuszu 45-lecia działalności naukowej oraz 70 rocznicy urodzin prof. dr hab. Henryka Okruszko, Falenty 6-7.11.1995) [In: Peat science in researches and practice. Scientific session on 45 jubilee of scientific activity and 70 anniversary of birthday of prof. dr Henryk Okruszko, Falenty 6-7.1 L1995] -Wyd. IMUZ, Materiały seminaryjne IMUZ, 34, pp. 241-246.
• [73]. van Bruggen A. H. C., Semenov A. M. 2000 - In search of biological indicators for soil health and disease suppression - Appl. Soil Ecol. 15: 13-24.
• [74]. Walczyna J. 1973 - Przeobrażenia substancji or-ganicznej w dawno odwodnionych murszach i czarnych ziemiach użytkowanych jako pola orne i łąki [Transformation of organie matter in mucks and black earths drained long ago and utilized as arabie land and meadow] - Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roln. 146: 163-188 (in Polish with English summary).
• [75]. Walker L. R., Chap in F. S. III. 1987 - Interactions among processes controlling successional change - Oikos, 50: 131-135.
• [76]. Wall D. M., Moore J. C. 1999 - Interactions underground: soil biodiversity, mutualism and ecosystem processes - BioScience, 49: 109-119.
• [77]. W ar dle D., G ille r K. E. 1996 -The quest fora contemporary ecological dimension to soil biology - Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: 1549-1554.
• [78]. Wasilewska L. 1970 - Nematodes of the sand dunes in the Kampinos Forest . I. Species structure - Ekol. pol. 18: 429-443.
• [79]. Wasilewska L. 1971a - Nematodes of the dunes in the Kampinos Forest . II. Community structure based on numbers of individuals, state of biomass and respiratory metabolism - Ekol. pol. 19: 651-688.
• [80]. Wasilewska L. 1971b - Klasyfikacja troficzna nicieni glebowych i roślinnych [Trophic classification of soil and plant nematodes] - Wiad. ecol. 17: 379-388 (in Polish).
• [81]. Wasilewska L. 1974 - Rola wskaźnikowa wszystkożernej grupy nicieni glebowych [The role of the omnivores group of soil nematodes as ecological indicator]- Wiad. ekol. 20: 385-390 (In Polish with English summary).
• [82]. Wasilewska L. 1991a - Long-term changes in com-munities of soil nematodes on fen peat meadows due to the time since their drainage - Ekol. pol. 39: 59-104.
• [83]. Wasilewska L. 1991b - Communities of soil nema-todes of drained fen differentiated by peat origin - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 155-178.
• [84]. Wasilewska L. 1991c - The role of nematodes in the process of element cycling on drained fen differentiated by peat origin - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 179-190.
• [85]. Wasilewska L. 1991d - The effect of moisture con-tent of drained peat soils on nematode communities - Pol. ecol. Stud. 17: 191-201.
• [86]. Wasilewska L. 1994a - Changes in biotic indices in meadow ecosystems after drainage of fens (In: Proc. Intern. Symp. "Conservation and management of fens", June 6-10,1994, Warsaw-Biebrza, Poland) - Institute for Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming in Falenty, pp. 407-416.
• [87]. Wasilewska L. 1994b - The effect of age of meadows on succession and diversity in soil nematode communities - Pedobiologia, 38: 1-11.
• [88]. Wasilewska L. 1997- Soil invertebrates as bioindicators, with special reference to soil-inhabiting nematodes - Russ. J. Nematol. 5: 113-126.
• [89]. Wasilewska L. 1998 - Changes in the proportions of groups of bacterivorous soil nematodes with different life strategies in relation to environmental conditions - Appl. Soil Ecol. 9: 215-220.
• [90]. Wasilewska L. 1999 - Soil nematode response to root production in grasslands on fen peat soils - Pol. J. Ecol. 47: 231-246.
• [91]. Wasilewska L., Andrzejewska L., Chmielewski K., Kaczmarek M., Kajak A., Makulec G., Pętal J. 1985 - Biocenoses of drained peat meadows in the Biebrza ice-marginal valley as compared to other types of meadows and crop fields - Pol. ecol. Stud. 11:87-105.
• [92]. Wasilewska L. (in press) - Nematofauna and tree-belts in agricultural landscape of Turew region, Poland.
• [93]. Wösten J. H. M., Ismail A. B., Van Wijk A. L. M. 1997 - Peat subsidence and its practical implications: a case study in Malaysia - Geoderma, 78: 25-36.
• [94]. Yeates G. W. 1994 - Modification and qualification of the nematode maturity index - Pedobiologia, 38: 97-101.
• [95]. Yeates G. W., Bongers T. 1999 - Nematode diversity in agroecosystems - Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74: 113-135.
• [96]. Yeates G. W., Bongers T., de Goede R. G. M., Freckman D. W., Georgieva S. S. 1993 - Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera - an outline for soil ecologists - J. Nematol. 25: 315-331.
• [97]. Yeates G. W., King K. L. 1997 - Soil nematodes as indicators of the effect of management on grasslands in the New England Tablelands (NSW): Comparison of native and improved grasslands -Pedobiologia, 41: 526-536.
• [98]. Yeates G. W., Lee W. G. 1997 - Burning in New Zealand snow-tussock grassland: effects on vegetation and soil fauna - New Zealand J. Ecol. 21: 73-79.
• [99]. Zimka J. R., Stachurski A. 1996 - Intensity of ni-trification and sulphur oxidation in peat soils of meadows of Biebrza river valley (Poland): An ef-fect of cation release and eutrophication of groundwater - Ekol. pol. 44: 311-332.