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Abstrakty
Meteorological observations made on board Voluntary Observing Ships in the period 1980-1992 are used to estimate the climatological characteristics of the solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper. A semi-empirical model developed for the Baltic region is used. Monthly and annual means of solar radiation fluxes reaching the sea surface, averaged over the northern, southern and western parts of the Baltic Proper are calculated. Seasonal and interannual variability of the fluxes as well as the impact of both meteorological and astronomical factors on the monthly and annual means of the fluxes are also analysed. The annual mean irradiance for the entire Baltic Proper is estimated at 117 ( ±4) W m-2. The long-term monthly means for this area vary from 12 (±4) W m-2 in December to 241 (±21) W m-2 in June.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
307--330
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 31 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
autor
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland, ania@iopan.gda.pl
Bibliografia
- 1. Allison I., Brandt R. E., Warren S. G., 1993, East Antarctic sea ice: albedo, thickness distribution, and snow cover, J. Geophys. Res., 98 (C7), 12417-12429.
- 2. Atwater M. A., Ball J. T., 1978, A numerical solar radiation model based on standard meteorological observations, Solar Energy, 21, 163-170.
- 3. Atwater M. A., Brown P. S. Jr., 1974, Numerical computations of the latitudinal variation of solar radiation for an atmosphere of varying opacity, J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 289-297.
- 4. BALTEX, 1995, Initial implementation plan, Int. BALTEX Sec. Publ. Ser., 2, 84 pp.
- 5. Bogdańska B., Podogrocki J., Żółtowska K., 1996, Local atmospheric circulation as a factor modifying components of the radiative balance in the central part of the Polish coast, Rep. Inst. Meteor. Water Managm., XIX(XL) (1), 31-54, (in Polish).
- 6. Czyszek W., Wensierski W., Dera J., 1979, Solar radiation energy inflow and absorption in the Baltic water, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol., 26, 105-140, (in Polish).
- 7. Dera J., 1995, Underwater irradiance as a factor affecting primary production, Diss. and monogr., Inst. Oceanol. PAS, Sopot, 7, 110 pp.
- 8. Dera J., Rozwadowska A., 1991, Solar radiation variability over the Baltic Sea due to weather conditions, Oceanologia, 30, 5-36.
- 9. Dobson F. W, Smith S. D., 1988, Bulk models of solar radiation at sea, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 114, 165-182.
- 10. Goff J. A., 1965, Saturation pressure of water on the New Kelvin Scale, [in:] Proc. Symp. on Humidity and Moisture, Reinhold, New York.
- 11. Henning D., 1988, Evaporation, water and heat balance of the Baltic Sea. Estimates of short- and long-term monthly totals, Meteor. Rdsch., 41, 33-53.
- 12. International cloud atlas, abridged ed., 1956, WMO, PIHM ser. A, Instructions and handbooks, 42, Warszawa, 150 pp., (in Polish).
- 13. Isemer H.-J., 1998, Sea ice concentration at the Baltic Proper – A digital 1 data set for 1964 to 1995, [in:] Second Study Conference on BALTEX, Juliusruh, Island of Rügen, Germany, 25–29 May 1998. Conference Proceedings, E. Raschke and H.-J. Isemer (eds.), Int. BALTEX Sec. Publ. Ser., 11, 78-79.
- 14. Kamada R. F., Flocchini R. G., 1986, Gaussian solar flux model, Solar Energy, 36, 73-87.
- 15. Kastrov V. G., 1956, Solar radiation in the troposphere in the case of absolutely dear and dry air, Trudy CAO, 16, 26, (in Russian).
- 16. Kondratev K. Ya., Binenko V. I., 1984, The effect of cloudiness on radiation and climate, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 240 pp., (in Russian).
- 17. Kreyszig E., 1970, Introductory mathematical statistics. Principles and methods, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 470 pp.
- 18. Krężel A., 1985, Solar radiation at the Baltic Sea surface, Oceanologia, 21, 5-21.
- 19. McDonald J. E., 1960, Direct absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric water vapour, J. Meteor., 17, 319-328.
- 20. Payne R. E., 1979, Albedo of the sea surface, J. Atm. Sci., 29, 959-970.
- 21. Perovich D. K., 1996, The optical properties of sea ice, US Army Corps Eng., Cold Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., 1, 25 pp.
- 22. Podogrocki J., 1969, The characteristics of the total solar radiation in Gdynia, Mater. PIHM, 484, 23 pp., (in Polish).
- 23. Robinson N. (ed.), 1966, Solar radiation, Elsevier, New York.
- 24. Rozwadowska A., 1991, A model of solar energy input into the Baltic Sea, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol., 59, 223-242.
- 25. Rozwadowska A., 1992, The variability in solar energy influx to the southern Baltic, Ph. D. thesis, Gdańsk Uniw., Gdynia, (in Polish).
- 26. Rozwadowska A., 1994, Long-period variability of solar radiation over the southern Baltic, Proc. 19th Conf. Baltic Oceanogr., Inst. Oceanol. PAS, Sopot, 149-157.
- 27. Russak V., 1994, Is the radiation climate in the Baltic Sea region changing?, Ambio, 23 (2), 160-163.
- 28. Spencer J. W., 1971, Fourier series representation of the position of the Sun, Search, 2, 172.
- 29. Timofeyev N. A., 1983, Radiation regime of the oceans, Nauk. Dumka, Kiyev, 247 pp, (in Russian).
- 30. Willson R. C., 1993, Solar irradiance, [in:] Atlas of satellite observations related to global change, R. J. Gurey, J. L. Foster and C. L. Parkinson (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 5-18.
- 31. Woodruff S. D., Slutz R. J., Jenne R. L., Steurer P. M., 1987, A comprehensive ocean–atmosphere data set, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 68, 521-527.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUS8-0015-0056