PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Mineralogy of the ceramic slags from the Bronze Age funerary site at Lăpuş (NW Romania)

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
A Bronze Age (13–12 th century B.C.) necropolis and cult area in Lăpuş (NW Romania) has been studied. The mound investigated during the present campaign covered a multi-phased wooden cult building containing bronze objects, ceramic potshards and slag pieces. The latter have a mammillary smooth surface, irregular shape and a high porosity. Optical microscopy reveals a colourless to brown vitreous mass, full with various-sized pores making up to 40 vol.% of the total slag. The glass includes relic phases, e.g., quartz, partly melted plagioclase and rutile, rare zircon, ilmenite and magnetite-rich spinel. Cristobalite and various silicates were formed within the glass and at the wall of the vesicles during cooling. The latter include fayalite, ferrosilite, magnetite-dominated spinel, hematite, clinopyroxene, mullite and cordierite. About 1/3 of the total volume of the slag consists of glass with a wide variety of SiO2 ranging from 49 to 76 wt.%. It is inhomogeneous, with local enrichment in Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti and K. The pore structure, the partial melting of plagioclase and rutile, the newly formed SiO2 polymorphs (cristobalite) and the Fe(Al) silicates indicate, all indicate maximum temperatures of 1100–1200°C for the fire generating the slags. The slags are not related to any metallurgical but to an anthropogenic pyrometamorphic process and formed as a result of overfiring some ceramic vessels which may have contained ritual offerings. Intentionally initiated firing of the wooden structures is the most likely the agent of this high temperature. The slags resemble buchites and can be termed “ceramic slags”
Rocznik
Strony
649–--664
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 76 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • Department Geography and Geology, Paris London University, Hellbrunner 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
autor
  • Department Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
  • Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig Maximilian University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
  • Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Institute of Archaelogy, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warszawa, Poland
Bibliografia
  • 1. ALDEN J.R. (1988) - An Uruk period pottery production tool. Paléorient, 14 (1): 143-150.
  • 2. ANDERSON T.J., AGUSTONI C., DUVAUCHELLE A., SERNEELS V. and CASTELLA D. (2003) - Des artisans a la Campagne. Carriere de meules, forge et voie gallo-romaines a Chables (FR). Acad. Press Fribourg.
  • 3. ARAHORI T. and SUZUKI T. (1987) - Transformal ion of tridymite to cristobalite bel ow 1470°C in sil i ca refractories. J. Maler. Sc., 22: 2248-2252.
  • 4. BLAKELOCK E., MARTINÓN-TORRES M., VELDHUIJZEN H.A. and YOUNG T. (2009) - Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. J. Archaeol. Sc., 36: 1745-1757.
  • 5. BRUGGER C.R., JOHNSTON A.D. and CASHMAN K.V. (2003) - Phase relations in silicic systems at one-atmosphere pressure. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 146: 356-369.
  • 6. BUCHWALD V.F. and WIVEL H. (1998) - Slag analysis as a method for the characterization and provenancing of ancient iron objects. Mater. Charact., 40: 73-96.
  • 7. CANTI M.G. (2003) - Aspects of the chemical and microscopic characteristics of plant ashes found in archaeological soils. Catena, 54: 339-361.
  • 8. COLE W.F. and SEGNIT E.R. (1963) - High-temperature phase developed in some kaolinite-mica-quartz clays. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 62: 375-395.
  • 9. CULTRONE G., RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO C., SEBASTIAN E., CAZALLA O. and de la TORRE M.J. (2001) - Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. Eur. J. Miner., 13: 621-634.
  • 10. DEGRYSE P, MUCHEZ PH., SIX S. and WAELKENS M. (2003) - Identification of ore extraction and metal working in ancient times: a case study of Sagalassos (SW Turkey). J. Geochem. Explor., 77: 65-80.
  • 11. FREESTONE I.C., MEEKS N.D. and MIDDLETON A.P (1985) - Retention of phosphate in burled ceramics: an eleclron microbeam approach. Archaeometry, 27 (2): 161-177.
  • 12. FREESTONE I.C., MIDDLETON A.P. and MEEKS N.D. (1994) - Significance of phosphate in ceramic bodies: discussion of paper by Bollong et al. J. Archaeol. Sc., 21: 425-426.
  • 13. GIU§CÁ D., RÁDULESCU D., GHERASI N., BOMBIJÁ G., VASILESCU A. and KRÁUTNER H. (1967) - Geological map of Romania 1:200 000, Baia Mare sheet. Geol. Inst., Bucharest.
  • 14. GOLDEN J.M. (2009) - Ancient Canaan and Israel: an introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • 15. GRAPES R. (2006) - Pyrometamorphism. Springer, Berlin-Heidel- berg-New York.
  • 16. GRAPES R. (2011) - Pyrometamorphism. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg.
  • 17. GRAPES R., ZHANG K. and PENG Z-L. (2009) - Paralava and clinker products of coal combustion, Yellow River, Shanxi Province, China. Lithos, 113: 831-843.
  • 18. GRAPES R., KORZHOVA S., SOKOL E. and SERYOTKIN Y. (2011) - Paragenesis of unusual Fe-cordierite (sekaninaite)-bearing paralava and clinker from the Kuznetsk coal bai in, Sibeiia, Rusi ia. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 162: 253-273.
  • 19. HEANEY PJ. (1994) - Structure and chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs. Rev. Miner., 29: 1-40.
  • 20. HEIMANN R.B., CHIRIKURE S. and KILLICK D. (2010) - Mineralogi cal study of precolonial (1650-1850 CE) tin smelti ng slags from Rooiberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Eur. J. Miner., 22: 751-761.
  • 21. HEIN A., KILIKOGLOU V. and KASSIANIDOU V. (2007) - Chemical and mineralogical examination of metallurgical ceramics from a late Bronze Age copper smelti ng site in Cyprus. J. Archaeol. Sc., 34: 141-154.
  • 22. HOECK V., IONESCU C., GHERGARI L. and PRECUP C. (2009) - Towards mineralogical and geochemical reference groups for some Bronze Age ceramics from Transylvania (Romania). Studia Univ. Babeş-Bolyai, 54 (2): 41-51.
  • 23. HOLTZ F., BECKER A., FREISE M. and JOHANNES W. (2001) - The water-under saturated and dry Qz-Ab-Or system revisited. Experimental results at very low water activities and geological implications. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 141: 347-357.
  • 24. IANOVICI V., RÁDULESCU D., PATRULIUS D., BOMBIJÁ GH., KRÁUTNER H. and KRÁUTNER F. (1968) - Geological map of Romania, 1:200 000, Vişeu sheet. Geol. Inst., Bucharest.
  • 25. IONESCU C. and HOECK V. (2011) - Firing-induced transformations in Copper Age ceramics from NE Romania. Eur. J. Miner., 23 (6): 937-958.
  • 26. IONESCU C., HOECK V. and GHERGARI L. (2011) - Electron microprobe analysis of ancient ceramics: a case study from Romania. Appl. Clay Sc., 53 (3): 466-475.
  • 27. ISSI A., KARA A. and ALP A.O. (2011) - An investigation of Hellenistic Period pottery production technology from Harabebezikan/Turkey. Ceram. Int., 37: 2575-2582.
  • 28. JAMTVEIT B., PUTNIS C.V. and MALTHE-S0RENSSEN A. (2009) - Reaction induced fracturing during replacement processes. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 157: 127-133.
  • 29. JOHANNES W. (1989) - Meltl ng of plagioclase-quartz assemblages at 2 kbar water pressure. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 103: 270-276.
  • 30. JOHANNES W., KOEPKE J. and BEHRENS H. (1994) - Partial melting reactions of plagioclase-bearing systems. In: Feldspars and their reactions (ed. I. Parson): 161-194. Kluwer Acad. Publ.
  • 31. JURJE M. (2012) - Quartz andesites from the Oa§-Gutai Neogene volcanic area (Romania). PhD thesis, Babe§-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca.
  • 32. KACSÓ C. (1975) - Contributions a la connaissance de la culture de Suciu des Sus a la lumiere des recherché faites a Lapu§. Dacia N. S., 19: 45-68.
  • 33. KACSÓ C. (2001) - Zur chronologischen und kulturellen Stellung des Hugelgraberfeldes von Lapuş. In: Der Nordkarpatische Raum in der Bronzezeit (ed. C. Kacsó): 231-278. Symp. Baia Mare, 7-10 October, 1998. Bibl. Marmatia I.
  • 34. KACSÓ C., METZNER-NEBELSICK C. and NEBELSICK L.D. (2012) - Kontinuitat und Dis kontinuitat im Bestattungsverhalten der spatbronzezeitlichen Eliten in Nordwestsiebenburgen am Beispiel der Hugelnekropole von Lapuş in Nordwestrumanien. Bodenaltertumer Westfalens, 51: 457-475.
  • 35. KIERCZAK J. and PIETRANIK A. (2011) - Mineralogy and composition of historical Cu slags from the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, Southwestern Poland. Can. Miner., 49: 1281-1296.
  • 36. LAKSHTANOV D.L., SINOGEIKIN S.V. and BASS J.D. (2007) - High-temperature phase transition and elasticity of silica polymorphs. Phys. Chem. Miner., 34: 11-22.
  • 37. MAGEE M.J., WAYMAN M.L. and LOVELL N.C. (1996) -Chemical and archaeological evidence for the destruction of a sacred animal necropolis at ancient Mendes, Egypt. J. Archaeol. Sc., 23: 485-492.
  • 38. MAGGETTI M. (1982) - Phase analysis and its significance for technology and origin. In: Archaeological Ceramics (eds. J.S. Olin and A.D. Franklin): 121-133. Smithsonian Inst. Press.
  • 39. MAGGETTI M. (1994) - Mineralogical and petrographical methods for the study of ancient pottery. In: 1st European Workshop on Archaeological Ceramics, 10-12 October, 1991 (eds. F. Burragato, O. Grubessi and L. Lazzarini): 23-35. Universita degli studi La Sapienza, Roma.
  • 40. MAGGETTI M. (2001) - Chemical analyses of ancient ceramics: what for? Chimia, 55: 923-930.
  • 41. MAGGETTI M. and ROSSMANITH M. (1981) - Archaeothermometry of kaolinitic clays. Rev. Archéom., Suppl.: 185-94.
  • 42. MARITAN L. and MAZZOLI C. (2004) - Phosphates in archaeological finds: implications for environmental conditions of burial. Archaeometry, 46: 673-683.
  • 43. MARITAN L., MAZZOLI C., NODARI L. and RUSSO U. (2005) - Second Iron Age grey pottery from Este (northeastern Italy): study of provenance and technology. Appl. Clay Sc., 29: 31-44.
  • 44. MARITAN L., ANGELINI I., ARTIOLI G., MAZZOLI C. and SARACINO M. (2009) - Secondary phosphates in the ceramic materials from Frattesina (Rovigo, North-Eastern Italy). J. Cult. Herit., 10: 144-151.
  • 45. McGOWAN G. and PRANGNELL J. (2006) - The significance of vivianite in archaeological settings. Geoarchaeol., 21 (1): 93-111.
  • 46. METZNER-NEBELSICK C., KACSÓ C. and NEBELSICK L.D. (2010) - A Bronze Age ritual structure on the edge of the Carpathian Basin. Stud. Comun. Satu Mare, 26 (1): 219-233.
  • 47. MURAD E. and WAGNER U. (1996) - The thermal behaviour of an Fe-rich illite. Clay Miner., 31: 45-52.
  • 48. NEUFFER L. (1997) - Schlacken ausserhalb der Eisenmetallurgie/Scories sans rapport avec la métalurgie du fer. In: Technique des fouilles grabungstechnik. Minerai, scories, fer. Erze, Schlakenbk, Eien. GSAF/SAGEA Fribourg: 58-64.
  • 49. NEUENDORF K.K.E., MEHL J.P. and JACKSON J.A., eds. (2005) - Glossary of geology. AGI, Alexandria VA.
  • 50. PETRIE C.A. (2012) - Ceramic production. In: A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ed. D.T. Potts): 279-294. Blackwell Publ. Ltd.
  • 51. REHREN T., CHARLTON M., CHIRIKURE S., HUMPHRIS J., IGE A. and VELDHUIJZEN H.A. (2007) - Decisions set in slag: the human factor in African iron smelting. In: Metals and Mines: Studies in Archaeometallurgy (eds. S.L. Niece, D. Hook and P. Craddock): 211-218. Archetype, London.
  • 52. REHREN T., BOSCHER L. and PERNICKA E. (2012) - Large scale smelting of speiss and arsenical copper at Early Bronze Age Arisman, Iran. J. Archaeol. Sc., 39 (6): 1717-1727.
  • 53. RICCARDI M.P., MESSIGA B. and DUMINUCO P. (1999) - An approach to the dynamics of clay firing. Appl. Clay Sc., 15: 393-409.
  • 54. SAFFARZADEH A., SHIMAOKA T., MOTOMURA Y. and WATANABE K. (2006) - Chemical and mineralogical evaluation of slag prod ucts derived from the pyrolysis/melting treatment of MSW. Waste Managem., 26: 1443-1452.
  • 55. SÁNDULESCU M. (1984) - Geotectonics of Romania (in Romanian). Edit. Tehn. Bucharest.
  • 56. SÁNDULESCU M., KRÁUTNER H., BORCO§ M., NÁSTÁSEANU S., PATRULIUS D., §TEFÁNESCU M., GHENEA C., LUPU M., SAVU H., BERCIA I. and MARINESCU F. (1978) - Geological map of Romania, 1:1 000 000. Geol. Geophys. Inst., Bucharest.
  • 57. SCHAIRER J.F. and BOWEN N.L. (1935) - Preliminary report on equilibrium-relations between feldspathoids, alkali feldspars and silica. Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 16th Ann. Meet.: 325-328.
  • 58. SCHAIRER J.F. and YAGI K. (1952) - The system FeO-Al2O3-SiO2. Am. J. Sc., 250A: 471-512.
  • 59. SCHNEIDER H. (1986) - Chemical composition of tridymite and cristobalite from volcanic and meteoritic rocks. N. Jb. Min. Mh., (10): 433-444.
  • 60. SERNEELS V. (1995) - Du minéraial’ object: un village de sidérurgistes du IXe au XIIe siecle a Liestal-Roserntal BL. Landliche Siedlungen zwischen Spatantike und Mittelalter. Archaol. Mus., 33: 35-43.
  • 61. SERNEELS V. and CREW P. (1997) - Ore-slag relationship from experimentally smelted bog-iron ore. Plas Tan y Bwlch Occ. Papers, 3: 78-82.
  • 62. SHARP W.E. and MITTWEDE S.K. (2011) - Late-medieval plagioclase-titanaugite-bearing iron slags of the Yaprakli Area (Qankiri), Turkey. Turk. J. Earth Sc., 20: 321-335.
  • 63. SHOVAL S. (1993) - The burning temperature of a Persian-Period pottery kiln at Tel Michal, Israel, estimated from the composition of slag-like material formed in its wall. J. Therm. An., 39: 1157-1168.
  • 64. SHOVAL S., CHAMPAGNON B. and PANCZER G. (1997) - The quartz-cristobalite transformat ion in heated chert rock composed of micro and crypto-quartz by micro-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy methods. J. Therm. An., 50: 203-213.
  • 65. SIGURDSSON H., HOUGHTON B.F., McNUTT S.R., RYMER H. and STIX J., eds. (2000) - Encyclopedia of volcanoes. Acad. Press, San Diego-San Francisco-New York.
  • 66. SIIVOLA J. and SCHMID R. (2007) - List of mineral abbreviations. Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: www.bgs.ac.uk/scmr/home.html
  • 67. SMITH D. (1971) - Stability of the assemblage iron-rich orthopyroxene- olivine-quartz. Am. J. Sc., 271: 370-382.
  • 68. STEVENS S.J., HAND R.J. and SHARP J.H. (1997) - Temperature dependence of the cristobalite a-p inversion. J. Therm. An., 49: 1409-1415.
  • 69. STONE E.C. and ZIMANSKY P.E. (2004) - The anatomy of a Mesopotamian city: survey and soundings at Mashkan-shapir. Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, In.
  • 70. THY P., SEGOBYE A.K. and MING D.W. (1995) - Implication of prehistoric glassy biomass slag from East-Central Botswana. J. Archaeol. Sc., 22: 629-637.
  • 71. TITE M.S. and MANIATIS Y. (1975) - Examination of ancient pottery using the scanning electron microscope. Nature, 257: 122-123.
  • 72. TRABER D., MÁDER U.K. and EGGENBERGER U. (2002) - Petrology and geochemistry of a municipal solid waste incinerator residue treated at high temperature. Schweiz. Miner. Petrogr. Mitt., 82: 1-14.
  • 73. TSUCHIYAMA A. and TAKAHASHI E. (1983) - Meltings kinetics of a plagioclase feldspar. Contr. Miner. Petrol., 84: 345-354.
  • 74. VELDHUIJZEN H.A. (2005) - Technical ceramics in early iron smelting: the role of ceramics in the early first millennium BC iron production at Tell Hammeh (Az-Zarqa), Jordan. In: Understanding People Through their Pottery (eds. I. Prudęncio, I. Diasand and J.C. Waerenborgh): 295-302. Proceedings of the 7th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (EMAC 2003), Lisboa.
  • 75. WAHL F.M., GRIM R.E. and GRAF R.B. (1961) - Phase transformations in silica-alumina mixtures as examined by continuous X-ray diffraction. Am. Miner., 46: 1064-1076.
  • 76. ZACHARIAS N., MICHAEL C., PHILANIOTOU-HADJIANASTASIOU O., HEIN A. and BASSIAKOS Y. (2006) - Fine-grain TL dating of archaeometallurgical furnace walls. J. Cult. Herit., 7: 23-29.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-b06c7b00-5b7d-48fc-8fea-550f943e74eb
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.