Exploring the Acoustics of Ancient Open-Air Theatres

Girón, Sara; Álvarez-Corbacho, Ángel; Zamarreño, Teófilo

doi:10.24425/aoa.2020.132494

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Exploring the Acoustics of Ancient Open-Air Theatres

Autorzy

Girón Sara , Álvarez-Corbacho Ángel , Zamarreño Teófilo

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Girón_Exploring the Acoustics of Ancient Open_2_2020.pdf

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/aoa.2020.132494

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

The theatres of Antiquity, Greek and Roman, constitute public buildings of the utmost importance in the history of Western culture and in universal cultural heritage. Many of these spaces are being used for their original function with or without only minor adaptations. If they are well preserved and/or restored, these performance buildings attract large audiences to representations of classical and contemporary plays, thereby serving the purpose for which they were built in the Ancient Age. These theatres bear witness to the existing relationship between architectural work, visual and acoustic experience, and dramatic art. Although the majority are located in the Mediterranean region, these structures were also built in the major cities of the ancient world in Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, and beyond. This paper aims to summarise and critically review research published in the literature regarding their acoustic aspects, with particular emphasis on Roman theatres. These pieces of research emphasize the importance of the diffraction of sound in the tiers of the cavea and the good intelligibility for speech of the Greco-Roman theatre.

Słowa kluczowe

acoustics of theatres classical theatre acoustics open-air theatre heritage acoustics

Wydawca

Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
Komitet Akustyki PAN
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne

Czasopismo

Archives of Acoustics

Rocznik

2020

Tom

Vol. 45, No. 2

Strony

181--208

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 79 poz., fot., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Girón Sara

sgiron@us.es

Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción (IUACC), Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 2, 41012-Seville, Spain

autor

Álvarez-Corbacho Ángel

arqangel@us.es

Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción (IUACC), Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 2, 41012-Seville, Spain

autor

Zamarreño Teófilo

teofilo@us.es

Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción (IUACC), Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 2, 41012-Seville, Spain

Bibliografia

1. Alfano F. R. d.’A., Iannace G., Ianniello C., Ianniello E. (2015), “Velaria” in ancient Roman theatres: Can they have an acoustic role?, Energy and Buildings, 95: 98-105, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.010.
2. Álvarez-Corbacho A., Bustamante P., Galindo M., Girón S., Zamarreño T. (2019), Measurement and analysis of the acoustics of the Roman theatre of Segobriga (Spain), Proceedings of INTERNOISE 2019, paper 1833, Madrid, Spain, http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin//INTERNOISE_2019/Fchrs/Proceedings/1833.pdf (accessed September 2019).
3. Álvarez-Corbacho A., Bustamante P., Girón S., Zamarreño T., Galindo M. (2018), Acoustic reconstruction of the Roman theatre of Cadiz, Proceedings of FIA 2018, pp. 1322-1329, Cadiz, Spain, http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin/Cadiz18/ASL-0_004.pdf (accessed April 2019).
4. Álvarez-Corbacho A., Bustamante P., Zamarreño T., Galindo M., Girón S. (2017), Virtual acoustic reconstruction of the Roman theatre of Palmyra, Proceedings of Tecniacustica 2017, pp. 1225-1232, A Coruña, Spain, http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin/Coruna17/ASL-0%20006.pdf (accessed April 2019).
5. Álvarez-Corbacho A., Zamarreño T., Galindo M., Girón S. (2014), Virtual acoustics of the Roman theatre of Italica, Proceeding of Tecniacústica 2014, pp. 1229-1236, Murcia, Spain, http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin/Murcia14/ASL-0%20003.pdf (accessed April 2019).
6. Álvarez-Corbacho A., Zamarreño T., Galindo M., Girón S. (2015), Virtual acoustics of the Roman theatre of Regina Turdulorum, Proceedings of Tecniacústica 2015, pp. 1545-1552, Valencia, Spain. Online http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin/Valencia15/ASL-0%20025.pdf (accessed April 2019).
7. Barba-Sevillano A., Lacatis R., Giménez A., Romero J. (2008), Acoustics vases in ancient theatres: disposition, analysis from the ancient tetracordal musical system, Proceedings of Euronoise 2008, Paris, France.
8. Barkas N. (2019), The contribution of the stage design to the acoustics of Ancient Greek theatres, Acoustics, 1 (1): 337-353, doi: 10.3390/acoustics1010018.
9. Barron M. (1993), Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design, E&FN SPON, London.
10. Beckers B., Borgia N. (2009), The acoustic model of the Greek theatre, Proceedings of the International Conference on Protection of Historical Buildings, PROHITECH 09, Vol. 2, pp. 1115-1120, Rome, Italy.
11. Berardi U., Iannace G., Maffei L. (2016), Virtual reconstruction of the historical acoustics of the Odeon of Pompeii, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 19, 555-566, doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2015.12.004.
12. Blauert J. (2013), Conceptual aspects regarding the qualification of spaces for aural performances, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 1-13, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918582.
13. Bo E. et al. (2015), The modern use of ancient theatres related to acoustic and lighting requirements: Stage design guidelines for the Greek theatre of Syracuse, Energy and Buildings, 95: 106-115, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.037.
14. Bo E. et al. (2016), Acoustic characterization of the ancient theatre of Tyndaris: evaluation and proposals for its reuse, Proceedings of the ICSV 2016, Athens, Greece.
15. Bo E., Shtrepi L., Pelegrín-Garcia D., Barbato G., Aletta F., Astolfi A. (2018), The accuracy of predicted acoustical parameters in Ancient Open-Air Theatres: A case study in Syracusae, Applied Sciences, 8 (8): 1-22, doi: 10.3390/app8081393.
16. Canac F. (1967), The Acoustics of Ancient Theatres: Their Teaching [in French: L’Acoustique des Theatres Antiques: Ses Enseignements], CNRS, Paris.
17. Carvalho A. P. O., Desarnaulds V., Loerincik Y. (2002), Acoustic behaviour of ceramic pots used in middle age worship spaces. A theoretical and laboratory analysis, Proceedings of 9th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV), pp. 8-11, Orlando, USA.
18. Chourmouziadou K. (2002), Acoustic simulation of ancient performance spaces, MPhil thesis, University of Sheffield.
19. Chourmouziadou K., Kang J. (2006), Simulation of surface diffusion and diffraction in open-air theatres, Proceedings of 6th international Conference on Auditorium acoustics, Copenhagen, and Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics (IOA), 28 (2): 97-108.
20. Chourmouziadou K., Kang J. (2008), Acoustic evolution of ancient Greek and Roman theatres, Applied Acoustics, 69: 514-529, doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.12.009.
21. Christensen C. L., Koutsouris G. (2015), Odeon room acoustics software. Version 12, Full User’s Manual, Odeon A/S, Lyngby, Denmark, available online: https://www.odeon.dk/ (accessed February 2019).
22. Cocchi A. (2013), Theatre design in ancient times: science or opportunity, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 14-20, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918583.
23. Dalenbäck B.-I. L. (1996), Room acoustic prediction based on a unified treatment of diffuse and specular reflection, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 100, 899-909, doi: 10.1121/1.416249.
24. Dalenbäck B.-I. L. (2011), User’s Manual, CATT-Acoustic v9.1, Sweden, available online: https://www.catt.se/ (accessed February 2019).
25. De Heras-Ciechomski P., Ulicny B., Cetre R., Thalmann D. (2004), A case study of a virtual audience in a reconstruction of an ancient Roman odeon in Aphrodisias, Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage VAST, K. Cain, Y. Chrysanthou, F. Niccolucci, N. Silberman (Eds), doi: 10.2312/VAST/VAST04/009-017.
26. Declercq N. F., Dekeyser C. S. A. (2007a), Acoustic diffraction effects at the Hellenistic amphitheatre of Epidaurus: Seat rows responsible for the marvellous acoustics, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 121 (4): 2011-2022, doi: 10.1121/1.270984.
27. Declercq N. F., Dekeyser C. S. A. (2007b), The acoustics of the Hellenistic Theatre of Epidaurus: the important role of the seat rows, Canadian Acoustics, 35 (3): 120-121.
28. Desarnaulds V., Loerincik Y., Carvalho A. (2001), Efficiency of 13th-century acoustic ceramic pots in two Swiss churches, Proceedings of the 2001 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering, Portland Maine, USA.
29. Economuo P., Charalampous P. (2013), The significance of sound diffraction effects in simulating acoustics in Ancient Theatres, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 48-57, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918587.
30. Farina A., Tronchin L. (2013), 3D sound characterisation in theatres employing microphone arrays, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 118-125, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918595.
31. Farnetani A., Prodi N., Pompoli R. (2008), On the acoustics of Ancient Greek and Roman theaters, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 124 (3): 1557-1567, doi: 10.1121/1.2951604.
32. Flammingo (2003), Reconstruction of a Greek Theatre (CC BY-SA 3.0), source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GriechTheater2.PNG (accessed November 2019).
33. Gade A. C., Angelakis K. (2006), Acoustics of ancien Greek and Roman theatres in use today, Proceedings of 4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ, paper 3aAAb1, Honolulu, Hawaii.
34. Gade A. C., Lynge C., Lisa M., Rindel J. H. (2005), Matching simulations with measured acoustic data from Roman theatres using the ODEON programme, Proceedings of Forum Acusticum 2005, Budapest.
35. Gómez-de-Cózar J. C., García-Martínez A., Ariza-López I., Ruiz-Alfonsea M. (2019), Life cycle assessment as a decision-making tool for selecting building systems in heritage intervention: Case study of Roman theatre in Itálica, Spain, Journal of Cleaner Production, 206: 27-39, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.169.
36. Gugliermetti F., Bisegna F., Monaco A. (2008), Acoustical Evolution of the Roman Theatre of Ostia, Building Acoustics, 15 (2): 153-168, doi: 10.1260%2F135101008785082533.
37. Gullo M., La Pica A., Rodono’ G., Vinci V. (2008), Acoustic characterization of the ancient theatre at Syracuse, Proceedings of Euronoise 2008, pp. 4143-4147, Paris, France.
38. Iannace G., Berardi U. (2017), Acoustic virtual reconstruction of the Roman theater of Posillipo, Naples, Proceedings of 173rd Meeting of Acoustical Society of America and 8th Forum Acusticum, paper 4pAAd2, Boston, Massachusetts.
39. Iannace G., Trematerra A. (2014), The rediscovery of Benevento Roman theatre acoustics, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15: 698-703, doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2013.11.012.
40. Iannace G., Trematerra A. (2018), The acoustic effects of the audience in the modern use of Ancient theatres, Jurnal Teknologi, 80 (4): 147-155, doi: 10.11113/jt.v80.9128.
41. Iannace G., Trematerra A., Masullo M. (2013), The Large Theatre of Pompeii: acoustic evolution, Building Acoustics, 20 (3): 215-227, doi: 10.1260%2F1351-010X.20.3.215.
42. ISO 3382-1:2009(E), Acoustics-measurement of room acoustic parameters, Part 1: Performance rooms, International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
43. Izenour G. C. (1992), Roofed theaters of classical antiquity, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
44. Izenour G. C. (1996), Theater Design, 2nd ed., Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
45. Knudsen V. O. (1932), Architectural Acoustis, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
46. Koutsivitis P., Tsakostas C., Floros A., Troupis D., Tatlas N. A. (2005), Reproduction of audiovisual interactive events in virtual ancient Greek spaces, Proceedings of Forum Acusticum 2005, Budapest.
47. Lokki T., Southern A., Siltanen S., Savioja L. (2013), Acoustics of Epidaurus – studies with room acoustics modelling methods, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 40-47, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918586.
48. Long M. (2006), Architectural Acoustics, pp. 1-7, Elsevier, London, UK.
49. Mijić M., Ŝumarac-Pavlović D. (2004), Analysis of contribution of acoustic resonators found in Serbian Orthodox churches, Building Acoustics, 11 (3): 197-212, doi: 10.1260%2F1351010042250385.
50. Mo F., Wang J. (2013), The conventional RT is not applicable for testing the acoustical quality of unroofed theatres, Building Acoustics, 20 (1): 81-86, doi: 10.1260%2F1351-010X.20.1.81.
51. Mourjopoulos J., Fausti P. (2013), The acoustics of the Ancient theatres, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99, Preface, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918581.
52. Papathanasopoulos B. (1965), Acoustical measurements in the theatre of Epidauro [in German] Acoustiche messungen in theater von Epidauros, Proceedings of 5th ICA, Liege.
53. Patano (2012), Aspendos Theatre (CC BY-SA 3.0), https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Aspendos_Theatre_-_panoramio.jpg (accessed November 2019).
54. Polychronopoulos S., Kougias D., Polykarpou P., Skarlatos D. (2013), The use of resonators in ancient Greek theatres, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 64-69, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918589.
55. Pompoli R., Gugliermetti F. (2006), ATLAS: Un progetto di Ricerca di interesse Nazionale interamente dedicato alla fruizione, tutela e valorizzazione acustica e visiva dei teatri antichi [In Italian], IV Congr. Naz. IGIIC, Lo Stato dell’ Arte, Siena.
56. Prodi N., Farnetani A., Fausti P., Pompoli R. (2013), On the use of Ancient open-air theatres for Modern unamplified performances: A scale model approach, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 58-63, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918588.
57. Project Gutenberg (2006), Vitruvius, The Ten Books On Architecture, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/20239-h.htm (accessed November 2019).
58. Psarras S., Hatziantoniou P., Kountouras M., Tatlas N.-A., Mourjopoulos J. N., Skarlatos D. (2013), Measurements and analysis of the Epidaurus Ancient Theatre acoustics, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 30-39, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918585.
59. Raddato C. (2014), The recently restored Roman Odeon of Ancient Patrai, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_recently_restored_Roman_Odeon_of_Ancient_Patrai,_built_before_160_AD,_Patras,_Greece_(14037786339).jpg.
60. Rindel J. H. (2013), Roman theatres and revival of their acoustics in the ERATO Project, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 21-29, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918584.
61. Rindel J. H., Gade A. C., Lisa M. (2006), The virtual reconstruction of the ancient Roman concert hall in Aphrodisias, Turkey, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 28 (2): 316-323.
62. Sato S., Sakai H., Prodi N. (2002), Acoustical measurements in ancient Greek and Roman: Binaural room impulse responses, Proceedings of Forum Acusticum 2002, Seville, Spain.
63. Sear F. (2006), Roman Theatres. An architectural study, Oxford University Press, New York.
64. Serrano G. (2010), Theater of Epidaurus in Greece (CC BY-NC 2.0), source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gserrano22/6961616996/in/photolist-PL5JVq-5yMeg4-bBb7cf-7MPHMt-v7Rov-7MPGQV-6XgnC1-5PirNN-2g9r1Lk-acoooJ-6XgnNC-7MPJG8-duasxJ-duDajZ-7zZRp9-7zW5VT-duDdta-duJMmS-xZC9Nu-7zZR5o-acoikC (accessed November 2019).
65. Shankland S. R. (1968), Acoustical observations in Greek and Roman theatres, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 44 (1): 367 (meeting abstract), doi: 10.1121/1.1970428.
66. Shankland S. R. (1973), Acoustics of Greek theaters, Physics Today, 26 (10): 30-35, doi: 10.1063/1.3128277.
67. Sü Z., Yilmazer S. (2006), The acoustical performance analysis of Bilkent amphitheater: Proposal for acoustical renovation, Architectural Science Review, 49 (2): 167-178, doi: 10.3763/asre.2006.4923.
68. The Acoustics of Ancient Theatres, http://www.ancientacoustics2011.upatras.gr/ (accessed February 2019).
69. The IV International Forum of Roman Theatres Conservation use and policy of the ancient places of spectacles, (2018), online: https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/teatrosromanos/sites/default/files/teatrosromanos/triptico_foro_teatros_romanos_web_v2.pdf (accessed April 2019).
70. Tsilfidis A., Vovolis T., Georganti E., Mourjopoulos J. N. (2013), Function and acoustic properties of ancient Greek theatre masks, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 82-90, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918591.
71. Tzekakis G. E., Schubert G. (1999), The acoustical design of a new open air theater in Thessaloniki, Greece, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 105: 1043 (meeting abstract), https://doi–org.us.debiblio.com/10.1121/1.424970.
72. Valière J.-C., Palazzo-Bertholon B., Polack J.-D., Carvalho P. (2013), Acoustic pots in ancient and medieval buildings: literary analysis of ancient texts and comparison with recent observations in French churches, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 99 (1): 70-81, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918590.
73. Vassilantonopoulos S., Hatziantoniou P., Tatlas N.-A., Zakynthinos T., Skarlatos D., Mourjopoulos J. N. (2011), Measurements and analysis of the acoustics of the ancient theatre of Epidaurus, Proceedings of EAA Conference on the Acoustics of Ancient Theaters, Patras, Greece.
74. Vassilantonopoulos S., Hatziantoniou P.,Worley J., Mourjopoulos J., Merimaa J. (2005), The acoustics of Roman Odeion of Patras: comparing simulations and acoustic measurements, Proceedings of Forum Acusticum 2005, Budapest.
75. Vassilantonopoulos S. L., Mourjopoulos J. N. (2001), Virtual acoustic reconstruction of ritual and public spaces of Ancient Greece, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 87 (5): 604-609.
76. Vassilantonopoulos S. L., Mourjopoulos J. N. (2003), A Study of Ancient Greek and Roman Theater Acoustics, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 89 (1): 123-136.
77. Vassilantonopoulos S. L., Mourjopoulos J. N. (2009), The acoustics of roofed Ancient Odeia: The case of Herodes Atticus Odeion, Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 95 (2): 291-299, doi: 10.3813/AAA.918151.
78. Vitruvio Polión M. (1787), De Architectura, The ten books of Architecture, [in Spanish: Los diez libros de arquitectura], translated from Latin and commented by J. Ortiz y Sanz, Imprenta Real, Madrid.
79. Zakinthinos T., Skarlatos D. (2007), The effect of ceramic vases on the acoustics of old Greek orthodox churches, Applied Acoustics, 68 (11-12): 1307-1322, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.07.015.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-fad1e991-ea8e-47cf-8b28-50ea3a1fe421