Has our long-term trip-making behavior changed due to COVID-19?

• Autorzy: Hamad Khaled , Traboulsi Yahya El , Shanableh Abdallah , Al-Ruzouq Rami , Dabous Saleh Abu , Zeiada Waleed , Obaid Lubna

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.61089/aot2025.rqn4ke97

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel risk perceptions and shopping habits among individuals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study's primary objectives are to analyze changes in travel risk perceptions and to examine shifts in travel behaviors and shopping patterns during and after the pandemic. A comprehensive survey was conducted, gathering data on socioeconomic demographics, travel risk perceptions, and shop ping habits across three periods: pre-pandemic, during, and post-pandemic. The survey included a diverse and representative sample of UAE residents, covering various demographic factors such as gender, age, residency status, and emirate of residence. Data cleaning and pre-processing were employed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. Descriptive analysis and statistical tests such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant changes in perceptions and behaviors across the three periods. The findings indicate a notable decrease in travel risk perceptions post-pandemic, particularly concerning personal modes of transportation, including private vehicles, walking, and cycling, which were perceived as safer due to their ability to limit exposure. However, public transportation continued to evoke discomfort, reflecting ongoing concerns about virus transmission in crowded environments. The study also highlights changes in shopping behaviors, with a decline in person food and grocery shopping during the pandemic, as many individuals shifted towards online grocery delivery services for safety and convenience. Similarly, there was a reduction in in-person shopping for non-food items, ac companied by a significant increase in online shopping, indicating a broader shift towards e-commerce. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers, offering a deeper understanding of the lasting impacts of the pandemic on consumer behavior. The study underscores the need for strategies that address individuals' evolving needs and concerns in the post-pandemic era, promoting resilience and adaptability in both the travel and retail sectors.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

travel risk perceptions; trip-making behavior; food ordering shopping habits; COVID-19; pandemic

PL

podróżowanie; zachowania po pandemii; pandemia; zakupy

• Wydawca: Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport
• Czasopismo: Archives of Transport
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 73, iss. 1
• Strony: 7--34
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 52 poz., rys., tab., wykr., zał.

Twórcy

autor

Hamad Khaled

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-1115

autor

Traboulsi Yahya El

• AECOM Middle East Ltd., Dubai, United Arab Emirates

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5525-7888

autor

Shanableh Abdallah

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

autor

Al-Ruzouq Rami

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

autor

Dabous Saleh Abu

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

autor

Zeiada Waleed

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

autor

Obaid Lubna

• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-7287

Bibliografia

• 1. Akhtar, N., Akhtar, M. N., Usman, M., Ali, M., & Siddiq, U. I. (2020). COVID-19 restrictions and consumers' psychological reactance toward offline shopping freedom restoration. The Service Industries Journal, 4(13-14), 891-913. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1790535.
• 2. Akhtar, N., Ittefaq, H., Siddiqi, U. I., Islam, T., Hameed, Z., & Kuzior, A. (2024). Zero-COVID and retail: Using multi-wave data to examine the role of perceived risk and psychological factors in shopping abandonment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78, 103737, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103737.
• 3. Alhaimer, R. (2022). Fluctuating Attitudes and Behaviors of Customers toward Online Shopping in Times of Emergency: The Case of Kuwait during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Internet Commerce, 21(1), 26-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2021.1882758.
• 4. Amanna, I. J., & Slifka, M. K. (2020). Successful Vaccines. In L. Hangartner & D. R. Burton (Eds.), Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens (pp. 1-30). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_102.
• 5. Bari, C., Chopade, R., Kachwa, S., V. Navandar, Y., & Dhamaniya, A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on educational trips-an Indian case study. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1896064.
• 6. Budd, L., & Ison, S. (2020). Responsible Transport: A post-COVID agenda for transport policy and practice. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.1001517.
• 7. Burdzik, R. (2023). An Application of the DHI Methodology for a Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic Hazards in Customer Delivery Services of Smart Cities. Smart Cities, 6(2), 965-986. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities60200478.
• 8. Burdzik, R., Chema, W., & Celiński, I. (2023). A study on passenger flow model and simulation in aspect of COVID-19 spreading on public transport bus stops. Journal of Public Transportation, 25(Au-gust). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2023.100063.
• 9. Chen, D., Wang, C., & Liu., Y.(2023). How household food shopping behaviors changed during COVID-19 lockdown period: Evidence from Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75, 103513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103513.
• 10. Chen, Y., Wang, A., Yi, B., Ding, K., Wang, H., Wang, J., ... & Xu, G. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of infection in COVID-19 close contacts in Ningbo city. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 41(5), 667-671. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200304-00251.
• 11. Cho, S.-H., & Park, H.-C. (2021). Exploring the Behaviour Change of Crowding Impedance on Public Transit due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Before and After Comparison. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 367-374.https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1897937.
• 12. Clemens, K. S., Matkovic, J., Faasse, K., & Geers, A. L. (2020). Determinants of safety-focused product purchasing in the United States at the beginning of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Safety Science, 130, 104894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104894.
• 13. da Silva Lopes,H., Remoaldo, P.C., Ribeiro, V., & Martín-Vide, J. (2021). Effectsof the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Risk Perceptions -The Case Study of Porto. Sustainability, 13(11), 6399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116399.
• 14. Dang, H.L., Bao, N. Van, & Cho, Y. (2023). Consumer behavior towards E-commerce in the post-COVID-19 pandemic: implications for relationship marketing and environment. Asian Journal of Business Environment,13(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.13106/ajbe.2023.vol13.no1.9.
• 15. De Vos, J. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.10012.
• 16. Diaz-Gutierrez, J., Manuel, Mohammadi-Mavi, H., & Ranjbari, A. (2023). COVID-19 impacts on online and in-store shopping behaviors: Why they happened and whether they will last post pandemic. Transportation Research Record. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198123115516.
• 17. Dingil, A. E., & Esztergár-Kiss, D. (2021). The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on mobility patterns: The first Wave's results. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 434-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1901011.
• 18. Duncan, C. (2020). Gender-related depression, anxiety, and psychological stress experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 10(2), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.22381/JRGS10220204.
• 19. Duong, D. (2021). What's important to know about the new COVID-19 variants? CMAJ, 193(4), E141-E142; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095915..
• 20. Elshaer, I. A., Alrawad, M., Lutfi, A., & Azazz, A. M. (2024). Social commerce and buying intention post COVID-19: Evidence from a hybrid approach based on SEM-fsQCA. Journal of Retailing and Con sumer Services, 76, 103548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103548
• 21. GMI. (2023). United Arab Emirates (UAE) Population Statistics. https://www.globalmediain sight.com/blog/uae-population-statistics/.
• 22. Gumasing, M. J. J., Ong, A. K. S., Sy, M. A. P. C., Prasetyo, Y. T., & Persada, S. F. (2024). A machine learning ensemble approach to predicting factors affecting the intention and usage behavior towards online groceries applications in the Philippines. Heliyon, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heli yon.2023.e20644.
• 23. Habib, K. N., Hawkins, J., Shakib, S., Loa, P., Mashrur, S., Dianat, A., Wang, K., Hossain, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on urban passenger travel demand in the greater Toronto area: description of a multi-pronged and multi-staged study with initial results. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1899579.
• 24. Hamad, K., El Traboulsi, Y., Shanableh, A., & Al-Ruzouq, R. (2024). Assessing the long-term impact of COVID-19 on travel behavior: The United Arab Emirates perspective. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 23, 101008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.101008.
• 25. Hamad, K., & Obaid, L. (2022). Tour-based travel demand forecasting model for a university campus. Transport Policy, 117, 118-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.001(2021).
• 26. Hartono A., et al. (2024) COVID-19 pandemic and adaptive shopping patterns: An insight from Indonesian consumers. Global Business Review 25,5. 09721509211013512. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211013512
• 27. Hopkins, E., & Potcovaru, A.-M. (2021). Consumer attitudes, values, needs, and expectations Due to COVID-19. Analysis & Metaphysics, 20. https://doi.org/10.22381/am20202114
• 28. Ismail, E. (2024). Exploring The Impact of Perceived Travel Risk Antecedents on Travel Intentions during The Endemic Phase of COVID-19: An Integrative Approach of Protective Motivation Theory (PMT) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The Academic Journal of Contemporary Commercial Research, 4(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajccr.2024.221999.1067.
• 29. Jebril, N. (2020). World Health Organization declared a pandemic public health menace: a systematic review of the coronavirus disease 2019 "COVID-19." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitations, 24(1475-7192). https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I9/PR290311.
• 30. Jęczmyk, A., Uglis, J., Zawadka, J., Pietrzak-Zawadka, J., Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M. M., & Kozera-Kowalska, M. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Travel Risk Perception and Travel Behaviour: A Case Study of Poland. International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health, 20(8), 5545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085545.
• 31. Karaivanov, A., Kim, D., Lu, S. E., & Shigeoka, H. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination mandate sand vaccine uptake. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(12), 1615-1624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01363-1.
• 32. Lewczuk, K., & Żuchowicz, P. (2024). Virtual Reality Application for the Safety Improvement of Intralogistics Systems. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146024.
• 33. MacFarland, T. W., Yates, J. M., & others. (2016). Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test BT - Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics for the Biological Sciences Using R. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 133-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30634-6_5.
• 34. Nayak, M., & Narayan, K. A. (2019). Strengths and weaknesses of online surveys. Technology, 6(7), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2405053138.
• 35. Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Din, N.U. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. SSRN, 3592321.
• 36. Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807.
• 37. Perić, G., Dramićanin, S., & Conić, M. (2021). The impact of Serbian tourists' risk perception on their travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Tourism Research, 27, 2705. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v27i.2125.
• 38. Prentice, C., Chen, J., & Stantic, B. (2020). Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102203.
• 39. Ross, A., Willson, V. L., Ross, A., & Willson, V. L. (2017). One-way ANOVA. Basic and Advanced Statistical Tests: Writing Results Sections and Creating Tables and Figures, 21-24.
• 40. Shakibaei, S., de Jong, G. C., Alpkökin, P., & Rashidi, T. H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel behavior in Istanbul: A panel data analysis. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102619.
• 41. Shanableh, A., Al-Ruzouq, R., Hamad, K., Gibril, M. B. A., Khalil, M. A., Khalifa, I., El Traboulsi, Y., Pradhan, B., Jena, R., Alani, S., & others. (2022). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and recovery on People's mobility and air quality in the United Arab Emirates using satellite and ground observations. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 26, 100757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100757.
• 42. Statista. (2023). United Arab Emirates - age structure. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/297597/uae-age-structure/.
• 43. Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining Sample Size; How to Calculate Survey Sample Size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3224205.
• 44. Tirachini, A., & Cats, O. (2020). COVID-19 and Public Transportation: Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs. Journal of Public Transportation, 22(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.22.1.1.
• 45. Titiloye, I., Sarker, M. A. A., Jin, X., & Watts., B. (2024). Examining channel choice preferences for grocery shopping during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 14, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2023.03.006.
• 46. Valaskova, K., Durana, P., & Adamko, P. (2021). Changes in consumers' purchase patterns as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mathematics, 9(15), 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9151788.
• 47. Wawryszczuk, R., Kardas-Cinal, E., Lejk, J., & Sokołowski, M. (2023). Methods of Passenger Ride Comfort Evaluation-Tests for Metro Cars. Sensors, 23(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125741.
• 48. Wei, Z., Peng, D., Zhen, F., Liu, Y., & Tang, Q. (2024). Residents'on line shop ping behavior characteristics in China during COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Guangzhou. Travel Behaviour and Society, 34, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100691.
• 49. Zafri, N. M., Khan, A., Jamal, S., & Alam, B. M. (2021). ImpactsoftheCOVID-19 Pandemic on Active Travel Mode Choice in Bangladesh: A Study from the Perspective of Sustainability and New Normal Situation. Sustainability, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126975.
• 50. Zannat, K. E., Bhaduri, E., Goswami, A. K., & Choudhury, C. F. (2021). The tale of two countries: modeling the effects of COVID-19 on shopping behavior in Bangladesh and India. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1892939.
• 51. Zhang, N., Jia, W., Wang, P., Dung, C.-H., Zhao, P., Leung, K., Su, B., Cheng, R., & Li, Y. (2021). Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in HongKong. Cities, 112, 103139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103139.
• 52. Zhang, S., Sun, T., & Lu, Y. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Tourists' Risk Perceptions: Tourism Policies' Mediating Role in Sustainable and Resilient Recovery in the New Normal. Sustainability, 15(2), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021323.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025)