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Religiously Inspired Terrorism in the European Union Countries

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EN
Abstrakty
EN
One of the main threats to the security of the European Union countries is the activity of radical Muslim circles, sympathizing with or inspired by Al Qaeda and the so-called “Islamic State”. The reasons for this state should be sought in the deepening social and economic divisions and inequalities in the European Union. These factors, in many cases, initiate the process of religious radicalization, leading to fundamentalism and extremism, and in extreme cases, even to violence and terrorism. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of the phenomenon of religiously inspired terrorism on the level of security in European Union countries. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, a mixed research method was used during research, consisting of a desk review of primary sources, qualitative content analysis, comparative method and extrapolation method. The original contribution of this work is the determination of the characteristics of the contemporary jihadist terrorism threat and presenting possible directions of the evolution of terrorist threats in European Union countries, which seems to be particularly important in the context of creating effective long-term EU counter-terrorism policy.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
1
Strony
1--7
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 33 poz.
Twórcy
  • Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  • Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Bibliografia
  • 1. Aly, A. (2012). Examining the role of religion in radicalization to violent Islamist extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(12), 849–862. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2012.720243
  • 2. Armstrong, J.S. (1984). Forecasting by extrapolation: conclusions from 25 years of research. Interfaces, 14(6), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.14.6.52
  • 3. Bjørgo, T. (2005). Root Causes of Terrorism. Myths, reality and way forward. Routledge.
  • 4. Borum, R. (2003). Understanding the terrorist mind-set. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(7), 7–10.
  • 5. Dzisiów-Szuszczykiewicz, A. (2010). Społeczności muzułmańskie w Europie na przykładzie Francji, Holandii i Wielkiej Brytanii. Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, 1, 25–26.
  • 6. European Commission. (2020a). A counter-terrorism agenda for the EU: Anticipate, prevent, Protect, Respond (COM (2020) 795 final). The Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2020:795:FIN
  • 7. European Commission. (2020b). EU Security Union Strategy (COM (2020) 605 final). The Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0605
  • 8. European Commission. (2021). Prevention of radicalization. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/counter-terrorism/radicalisation_en
  • 9. European Parliament. (2015). European Parliament resolution of November 25 2015 on the prevention of radicalization and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organizations.
  • 10. Europol. (2016). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016
  • 11. Europol. (2017). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017 (TE-SAT). Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2017
  • 12. Europol. (2018). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2018-tesat-2018
  • 13. Europol. (2019). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2019 (TE-SAT). Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat
  • 14. Europol. (2020). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020
  • 15. Europol. (2021). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2021 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2021-tesat
  • 16. Hall, D.M., & Steiner, R. (2020). Policy content analysis: Qualitative method for analyzing sub-national insect pollinator legislation. MethodsX, 7, 100787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.100787
  • 17. Harman, J. (2007). Text - H.R.1955 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Violent Radicalization and Home-grown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007. https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/1955/text
  • 18. Hoffman, B. (2017). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/hoff17476
  • 19. Horgan, J. (2009). Walking away from terrorism: Accounts of disengagement from radical and extremist movements. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874738
  • 20. Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • 21. Huntington, S.P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
  • 22. Laskowski, J. (2017a). Evolution of the civil aviation security standards in the European Union. Transportation Overview, 11, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.35117/A_ENG_17_11_03
  • 23. Laskowski, J. (2017b). Key technological solutions from the SESAR programme to improve air traffic safety. Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport/Politechnika Śląska, 94, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2017.94.10
  • 24. Lijphart, A. (1971). Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method. American Political Science Review, 65(3), 682–693. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955513
  • 25. Lindemann, A., & Stolz, J. (2018). The Muslim employment gap, human capital, and ethno-religious penalties: Evidence from Switzerland. Social Inclusion, 6(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1395
  • 26. Otłowski, T. (2010). Analiza nt. wzrostu aktywności międzynarodowych struktur islamskich ekstremistów. Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego.https://www.bbn.gov.pl/download/1/6006/29122010Analizantwzrostuaktywnoscimiedzynarodowych.pdf
  • 27. Porter, L. E., & Kebbell, M.R. (2011). Radicalization in Australia: Examining Australia’s convicted terrorists. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2010.482953
  • 28. Precht, T. (2007). Home grown terrorism and Islamist radicalization in Europe: From conversion to terrorism. Danish Ministry of Justice. https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Arbejdsomraader/Forskning/Forskningspuljen/2011/2007/Home_grown_terrorism_and_Islamist_radicalisation_in_Europe_an_assessment_of_influencing_factors__2_.pdf
  • 29. Radomyski, A., & Bernat, P. (2018). Contemporary Determinants of Organising Effective Protection of Civil Aviation Against Terrorism. Transportation Research Procedia, 35, 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.021
  • 30. Ranstorp, M. (2019). Islamist extremism: A practical introduction. RAN Centre of Excellence.
  • 31. Ştefanachi, B. (2012). Globalization between liberalism and conservatism. European Journal of Science and Theology, 8(3). 255–262. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/32/28_Stefanachi.pdf
  • 32. Valfort, M.A. (2020). Anti-Muslim discrimination in France: Evidence from a field experiment. World Development, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105022
  • 33. Vidino, L. (2011). Radicalization, linkage, and diversity: Current trends in terrorism in Europe. RAND National Defense Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.1037/e525772012-001
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-f64e6c78-4eaa-4272-add2-31f4b7c833c4
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